すでに広く利用されている治療法の臨床試験であっても、被験者にはあらゆる危険性を確実に知らせるべきだ。
Subject to question p.377
Even when conducting clinical trials to study widely used therapies, researchers must ensure that they disclose the full risks to patients.
doi: 10.1038/500377a
Even when conducting clinical trials to study widely used therapies, researchers must ensure that they disclose the full risks to patients.
doi: 10.1038/500377a
New York pioneers system to protect drinking water from adverse weather events.
doi: 10.1038/500385a
Boost for advocates of open-access research articles.
doi: 10.1038/500386a
Gene for small horns lowers sexual fitness but boosts lifespan.
doi: 10.1038/500387a
Researchers rue the reversal of positive reforms.
doi: 10.1038/500388a
Gaps in oversight of transgenic technologies allow scientists to test the waters for speciality varieties.
doi: 10.1038/500389a
日本の研究者たちが、実験室での卵子と精子の作製に成功したが、これを安全かつ倫理的に利用するにはどうするかが、今後の課題である。
doi: 10.1038/500392a
植物では、草食動物や機械的力などによって損傷を受けると電気シグナルが生じることが分かった。このシグナルは、2個のグルタミン酸受容体様タンパク質によって仲介され、離れた場所で局所的な防御応答を引き起こす。
doi: 10.1038/500404a
星の光度の変動と星の表面での重力加速度の間には相関性があることが観測されている。そのため、こうした加速度を25％を上回る精度で測定することができる。
doi: 10.1038/500405a
改変ヌクレアーゼを使うゲノム編集と光遺伝学という2つの手法を組み合わせることで、標的の遺伝子を光によって調節するための広く使える方法が開発された。
doi: 10.1038/500406a
二酸化バナジウムで2つの絶縁相と1つの伝導相が共存する三重点が観測され、この材料における電子相関の役割を明らかにするのに役立ちそうな物理的性質が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/500408a
既存の血管からの新しい血管の形成は、入念に組織化された過程である。解糖による糖代謝が、このような調節に関わっていることが今回明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature12549
生態系ネットワークの構造が種の共存、群集の安定性や擾乱によってどのような影響を受けるのかは、議論が続いている問題である。入れ子構造に相関する性質で見逃されてきたものの1つは、種の個体数らしい。
doi: 10.1038/500411a
動物とその腸内に常在する微生物との間の関係がもたらす広範囲にわたる影響は、だんだんに明らかになってきている。新たな知見によって、こうした関係は種の隔離を維持する障壁まで作り出すことが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/500412a
An analysis of mutations from over 7,000 cancers of diverse origins reveals the diversity of mutational processes underlying the development of cancer; more than 20 distinct mutational signatures are described, some of which are present in many cancer types, notably a signature attributed to the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases, whereas others are specific to individual tumour types.
doi: 10.1038/nature12477
Upon wounding, plants mount a systemic response resulting in the production of jasmonates, hormones that confer resistance to herbivores; here we identify genes necessary for the electrical activity that leads to jasmonate synthesis far from the wound itself.
doi: 10.1038/nature12478
An analysis of archival data reveals an observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity, allowing a determination of surface gravity with a precision of better than 25 per cent for inactive Sun-like stars at main-sequence to giant stages of evolution.
doi: 10.1038/nature12419
The precise location of a solid-state triple point, at which three solid phases coexist in thermal equilibrium, has been determined by controlling the stress and temperature in a nanobeam of vanadium dioxide near its metal–insulator transition.
doi: 10.1038/nature12425
The interplay of spin, energetics and delocalization of the electronic excitations are shown to create a spin blockade of electron–hole recombination in organic photovoltaic cells, resulting in high quantum efficiencies.
doi: 10.1038/nature12339
An annually resolved ice-core record from West Antarctica indicates that warming driven by local insolation resulting from sea-ice decline began in that region about 2,000 years before warming in East Antarctica, reconciling two alternative explanations for deglacial warming in the Southern Hemisphere.
doi: 10.1038/nature12376
Research on the Nile crocodile and five birds shows that limb evolution is shaped by an interplay between natural selection and developmental constraints, the outcome varying between different digits, and between embryos and adults.
doi: 10.1038/nature12336
Cooperation among species tends to result in mutualistic networks with a nested structure, which is thought to increase biodiversity and persistence but may be less stable than unstructured networks: here nested networks are shown to result from a mechanism that maximizes species abundances in mutualistic communities, and the abundance of nested species is found to be directly linked to the resilience of the community.
doi: 10.1038/nature12438
The genome of the asexual rotifer Adineta vaga lacks homologous chromosomes; instead, its allelic regions are rearranged and sometimes found on the same chromosome in a palindromic fashion, a structure reminiscent of the primate Y chromosome and of other mitotic lineages such as cancer cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature12326
Oxytocin is shown to sharpen neuronal network activity by increasing fast-spiking interneuron activity.
doi: 10.1038/nature12330
A human lipid transfer protein (GLTPD1, named here CPTP) is shown to regulate eicosanoid production by mediating the intermembrane transfer of the phosphorylated sphingolipid ceramide-1-phosphate through a non-vesicular transport mechanism elucidated by structural, functional and biological data.
doi: 10.1038/nature12332
Induction of autophagy is coupled to reduction of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation through downregulation of the histone acetyltransferase hMOF, showing that histone modifications regulate the outcome of autophagy.
doi: 10.1038/nature12313
Here the customizable TALE DNA-binding domain was integrated with the light-sensitive cryptochrome 2 protein and its interacting partner (CIB1) from Arabidopsis thaliana, thereby creating an optogenetic two-hybrid system called light-inducible transcriptional effectors (LITEs); the LITE system establishes a novel mode of optogenetic control of endogenous transcription and epigenetic states.
doi: 10.1038/nature12466
Whole-genome bisulphite sequencing data from diverse human cell and tissue types shows that only about 22% of CpGs change their methylation state across these cell types; most of these CpGs are located at gene regulatory elements, particularly enhancers and transcription-factor-binding sites, and these selected regions with dynamic DNA methylation patterns could help to define putative regulatory elements further.
doi: 10.1038/nature12433
The bacterial RecBCD helicase/nuclease shows broad, and apparently static, heterogeneity in the unwinding rate manifest by individual molecules: here it is shown that transiently halting an enzyme during processive translocation allows for a change, most likely conformational, such that the velocity of the molecule after pausing can fall anywhere within the spectrum of rates seen for a population.
doi: 10.1038/nature12333
Folate receptor-α (FRα) is overexpressed in many cancer cells and is therefore an important therapeutic target: here the X-ray crystal structure of folate-bound FRα is presented, revealing details of the ligand-binding pocket that may be useful in the development of small-molecule inhibitors for anticancer therapy.
doi: 10.1038/nature12327
