欧州宇宙機関(ESA)の彗星着陸計画はリスクも高いが、称賛に値する大きな夢だ。
High ambition p.163
The European Space Agency can be proud of its comet mission— whatever happens.
doi: 10.1038/515163b
The European Space Agency can be proud of its comet mission— whatever happens.
doi: 10.1038/515163b
It is time for the stigma to end.
doi: 10.1038/515163a
doi: 10.1038/515164a
Appeals court says six scientists did not cause deaths in 2009 L'Aquila earthquake and cuts sentence of a government official.
doi: 10.1038/515171a
A graphical guide identifies the dangers ahead for the Philae probe.
doi: 10.1038/515172a
Clinical-trial obligations introduced into the Helsinki declaration called too onerous by some.
doi: 10.1038/515174a
Idea that intestinal bacteria affect mental health gains ground.
doi: 10.1038/515175a
Public-health officials split on use of control groups in tests of experimental treatments.
doi: 10.1038/515177a
うつ病は生活に深刻な支障を来すが、その改善に科学はどう役立つのだろうか。
doi: 10.1038/515179a
統計で見る世界のうつ病の現状。
doi: 10.1038/515180a
「がんの研究は盛んだが、うつ病の研究は活発とは言えない」という状況が変わる可能性が見えてきた。
doi: 10.1038/515182a
心理療法の中で認知行動療法は最も研究が進んでいるが、どうして有効なのかはまだ解明されていない。
doi: 10.1038/515185a
うつ病の研究には、抑うつ様行動を示す、従来からあるマウスモデルが使われることが多いが、このモデルではヒトのうつ病の全貌を捉らえているとはいえない。このフォーラムでは、治療法を改善するつもりならば、行うべき最良の戦略について、2つの見方が専門家によって提案されている。
doi: 10.1038/515200a
量子系の精巧な制御によって、量子ホール効果と呼ばれるエキゾチックな形の粒子輸送を磁場なしで生じさせる方法についてのアイデアが実現可能になった。
doi: 10.1038/515202a
モンゴルで見つかった7000万年前の恐竜デイノケイルス(Deinocheirus mirificus)の2組の化石には、これまで盗掘などで欠けていた部分も含まれており、最も不可解な種の1つとされてきたこの恐竜の真の姿が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13930
単一原子層のセレン化鉄の発光スペクトル中に観測された異常なエネルギーバンドの「蜃気楼」から、このような人工的な構造に見られる高温超伝導の原因とおぼしきものが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/515205a
ヒトおよびマウスの発生中の脳に含まれる神経幹細胞の機能と遺伝子発現プロファイルを解析する革新的な方法により、この2種類の動物の間の相違点と類似点が明らかになってきた。
doi: 10.1038/515206a
エンドサイトーシスの超高速温度依存性モードは、神経が繰り返し発火するのに必要な過程である。これがエンドサイトーシスについての現在の考え方に難問を投げ掛け、従来からのモデルに再度注目を集めることになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13925
Whole-exome sequencing in a large autism study identifies over 100 autosomal genes that are likely to affect risk for the disorder; these genes, which show unusual evolutionary constraint against mutations, carry de novo loss-of-function mutations in over 5% of autistic subjects and many function in synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin-remodelling pathways.
doi: 10.1038/nature13772
Family-based exome sequencing in a large autism study has identified 27 high-confidence gene targets and accurately estimates the contribution of both de novo gene-disrupting and missense mutations to the incidence of simplex autism, with target genes in affected females overlapping those in males of lower but not higher IQ; targets also overlap known targets for intellectual disability and schizophrenia, and are enriched for chromatin modifiers, FMRP-associated genes and embryonically expressed genes.
doi: 10.1038/nature13908
The mosquito Aedes aegypti includes two subspecies, one of which shows a preference for biting humans, whereas the other prefers to bite non-human animals; genetic analysis reveals that changes in the mosquito odorant receptor Or4 contribute to the behavioural difference—in human-preferring mosquitoes, Or4 is more highly expressed and more sensitive to sulcatone, a compound present at high levels in human odour.
doi: 10.1038/nature13964
Ultrastructural analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling reveals that clathrin is not required for the initial rapid step of vesicle recycling by ultrafast endocytosis at the plasma membrane and instead clathrin acts later at an endosome to regenerate synaptic vesicles; however, when ultrafast endocytosis does not occur (for example, in experiments at room temperature rather than physiological temperature), clathrin-mediated endocytosis does happen at the plasma membrane.
doi: 10.1038/nature13846
High spatial resolution is needed to study the early development of a nova; here measurements of the angular size and radial velocity of Nova Delphini 2013 reveal early structures in the ejected material and a geometric distance to the nova of about 4.5 kiloparsecs from the Sun.
doi: 10.1038/nature13834
The Haldane model, which predicts complex topological states of matter, has been implemented by placing ultracold atoms in a tunable optical lattice that was deformed and shaken.
doi: 10.1038/nature13915
Superconducting quantum circuits are used to directly observe and characterize topological phase transitions; this approach promises to be a powerful and general platform for characterizing topological phenomena in quantum systems.
doi: 10.1038/nature13891
High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy reveals bosonic modes in a SrTiO3 substrate coupling to electrons in an FeSe overlayer to facilitate high-temperature superconductivity.
doi: 10.1038/nature13894
A method for the depolymerization of oxidized lignin under mild conditions in aqueous formic acid is described that results in more than 60 wt% yield of low-molecular-mass aromatics.
doi: 10.1038/nature13867
Seismic images of the subducted Atlantic slab under northeastern South America and the Alboran slab beneath the Gibraltar arc region show that subducting oceanic plates viscously entrain and remove the bottom of the continental thermal boundary layer from adjacent continental margins, driving surface tectonics and pre-conditioning the margins for further deformation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13878
Two almost complete skeletons are presented for the theropod dinosaur Deinocheirus mirificus, revealing a humpbacked form with a duckbill-like skull.
doi: 10.1038/nature13874
Genome-wide DNA polymorphism analysis across 76 animal species reveals a strong effect of ecological strategies, and particularly parental investment, on species levels of genetic diversity.
doi: 10.1038/nature13685
The transcriptional profiles of radial glia are compared between humans and mice during neurogenesis, implicating the growth factor PDGFD and its receptor, PDGFRβ, in human but not mouse neocortical development.
doi: 10.1038/nature13973
The cortical amygdala is necessary and sufficient for processing odours that evoke aversive and attractive responses without learning.
doi: 10.1038/nature13897
Early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations induce both amyloid-β and tau pathologies in differentiated human neural stem cells in 3D cultures.
doi: 10.1038/nature13800
The Piezo1 calcium-permeable channel is revealed to have a role in the vascular cellular response to shear stress; a mouse knockout reveals that this channel is also important for normal vascular development.
doi: 10.1038/nature13701
The structure of the 39S large mitoribosome subunit is solved by cryo-electron microscopy at an impressive 3.4 Å resolution, revealing the location of 50 ribosomal proteins, the peptidyl transferase centre, the tRNAs within this active site, and the nascent peptide chain within the exit tunnel.
doi: 10.1038/nature13895
The crystal structure of the RNA binding domains of Sxl and Unr with msl2 RNA shows that interwoven interactions establish cooperative assembly of the ternary complex, highlighting how binding of relatively general RNA binding domains to RNA can result in a unique and specific protein–RNA architecture.
doi: 10.1038/nature13693