倫理的課題の伴う研究について、かつてのアシロマ会議のように科学者のみでの会議で解決を図るのは、もはや最善の方法とは言えない。
After Asilomar p.293
Scientist-led conferences are no longer the best way to resolve debates on controversial research.
doi: 10.1038/526293b
Scientist-led conferences are no longer the best way to resolve debates on controversial research.
doi: 10.1038/526293b
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has done much to alert politicians to the effects of global warming. But to push climate change up the agenda, it will need to do the same for the public.
doi: 10.1038/526293a
The wiring diagram of the male nematode’s nervous system is only a beginning.
doi: 10.1038/526294a
Cancer Research UK to invest £100 million in seven big goals.
doi: 10.1038/526301a
After years of frustration, researchers are getting genetic material from old bones in warm places.
doi: 10.1038/526303a
After a fraught few years, experiments to redefine the unit have reached agreement.
doi: 10.1038/526305a
Development sets stage for future expansion of the technology.
doi: 10.1038/526306a
Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar share 2015 prize.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18515
CRISPRベビーが誕生する可能性があるのはどこの国なのか、各国の規制の状況から見る。
doi: 10.1038/526310a
神経科学者たちが、脳の発達と腸内微生物相との関連についての研究を進めている。
doi: 10.1038/526312a
小脳にあって互いに逆の性質を持つように見える2つのプルキンエ細胞が組み合わさって果たすニューロン活動は、サッケード（衝動性眼球運動）として知られている、短時間の速い眼球運動の制御に必要であることがサルで明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/526326a
気候変動に応じて起こる南極氷床の融解は、全球の海水準を2300年までに最大で3 m上昇させ、その後も数千年にわたって上昇が続く可能性があることが、シミュレーションによって示された。
doi: 10.1038/526327a
腸管内表面を覆っている上皮細胞は、細菌がしっかり結合したことを感知し、それに応じて免疫系のTH17細胞のエフェクター機能を形作るタンパク質群の産生を開始することが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/526328a
励起バリウム原子核でのまれな崩壊過程が画期的な方法で測定されたことは、原子核の構造と崩壊モードを探る技術の開発への道を開くものとなりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/526330a
MECP2遺伝子に生じた変異は、レット症候群と呼ばれている知的障害を引き起こす。この症候群のマウスモデルの１つで、脳深部領域への電気刺激が症候群の特徴となる症状のいくつかを軽減することが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/526331a
レーザーによって作られたエネルギーポテンシャルが周期的に変化するパターン上をすべって移動する低温のイオンを使って、結晶同士の間の乾燥摩擦の物理学的性質が解明された。広範囲にわたる摩擦力を調べるのにも、6個以下という少数のイオンを使った実験で十分である。
doi: 10.1038/526332a
社会的ネットワーク中で富の不平等が見て取れるようになると、これが協力行動の低下や社会的つながりの弱体化を引き起こし、それがさらなる不平等の発生を促すようになると考えられることが、実験によって示された。
doi: 10.1038/526333a
This Review evaluates current techniques used to investigate human brain function, discusses the successes and limitations of these techniques to test hypotheses about causal mechanisms, and looks to future directions and implementation of these techniques in real-world problems.
doi: 10.1038/nature15692
Description of a well-preserved 125-million-year-old fossil of a triconodont mammal from Spain, which extends the record of mammalian soft-tissue preservation back into the Mesozoic era.
doi: 10.1038/nature14905
In the worm C. elegans, a previously unidentified pair of bilateral neurons in the male (termed MCMs) are shown to arise from differentiated glial cells upon sexual maturation; these neurons are essential for a male-specific form of associative learning which balances chemotactic responses with reproductive priorities.
doi: 10.1038/nature15700
The SLC2 family glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose and other monosaccharides across biological membranes; the X-ray crystal structure of human GLUT3 has been solved in outward-open and outward-occluded conformations and a model for how the membrane protein rearranges itself during a complete transport cycle has been proposed.
doi: 10.1038/nature14655
This study has determined the X-ray crystal structures of GLUT5 from Rattus norvegicus in an open, outward-facing conformation and GLUT5 from Bos taurus in an open, inward-facing conformation; comparison of these structures with previously published structures of the related Escherichia coli d-xylose:H+ symporter XylE suggests that transport in GLUT5 is controlled by both a global ‘rocker-switch’-type motion and a local ‘gated-pore’-type transport mechanism.
doi: 10.1038/nature14909
The ‘onion-like’ stratification of the two lobes of the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko reveals that its unusual shape is the result of a gentle collision merging two kilometre-sized objects in the early stages of the Solar System.
doi: 10.1038/nature15511
The exotic double-gamma nuclear decay has been observed in cases where the usual single-gamma decay is forbidden, but now a double-gamma decay of excited 137Ba is reported that is in competition with a single-gamma decay.
doi: 10.1038/nature15543
A high-fidelity two-qubit CNOT logic gate is presented, which is realized by combining single- and two-qubit operations with controlled phase operations in a quantum dot system using the exchange interaction.
doi: 10.1038/nature15263
Some peptoids—synthetic structural relatives of polypeptides—can assemble into two-dimensional nanometre-scale sheets; simulations and experimental measurements show that these nanosheets contain a motif unique to peptoids, namely zigzag Σ-strands, which interlock and enable the nanosheets to extend in two dimensions only.
doi: 10.1038/nature15363
Despite computational and methodological uncertainties, and a wide range of potential greenhouse gas emissions, here millennial-scale simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in a warming climate show that most of Antarctica’s fringing ice shelves will collapse, leading to a rise in sea level of up to 3 metres by 2300.
doi: 10.1038/nature15706
Wealth inequality and wealth visibility can potentially affect overall levels of cooperation and economic success, and an online experiment was used to test how these factors interact; wealth inequality by itself did not substantially damage overall cooperation or overall wealth, but making wealth levels visible had a detrimental effect on social welfare.
doi: 10.1038/nature15392
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the fimbria–fornix—a region that provides input to the hippocampus—is shown to restore hippocampus-dependent memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation and neurogenesis in a mouse model of Rett syndrome, suggesting that DBS, which is already used in the treatment of several neurological conditions, could be a viable approach to mitigating cognitive impairment in Rett syndrome and other disorders of childhood intellectual disability.
doi: 10.1038/nature15694
Activation of GABAergic neurons in the ventral medulla can reliably induce REM sleep and prolong the duration of REM episodes in mice.
doi: 10.1038/nature14979
Recording from Purkinje cells in monkeys, this study found that the combined simple-spike responses of bursting and pausing Purkinje cells, but not either population alone, predicted the real-time speed of saccades; moreover, when Purkinje cells were organized according to their complex-spike field, the population responses encoded both speed and direction of the eye during saccades via a gain field.
doi: 10.1038/nature15693
A new pathway for the processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is described in which η-secretase activity, in part mediated by the MT5-MMP metalloproteinase, cleaves APP, and further processing by ADAM10 and BACE1 generates proteolytic fragments capable of inhibiting long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.
doi: 10.1038/nature14864
A subset of adult neural stem cells, responsive to sonic hedgehog, are more effective at remyelination when the transcription factor Gli1 is inhibited.
doi: 10.1038/nature14957
A novel ALK transcript expressed in a subset of human cancers, arising from a de novo alternative transcription initiation site within the ALK gene, is described; the ALK transcript encodes three protein isoforms that stimulate tumorigenesis in vivo in mouse models; resultant tumours are sensitive to treatments with ALK inhibitors, indicating a possible therapeutic avenue for patients expressing these isoforms.
doi: 10.1038/nature15258
