特集：パリ気候変動会議：各国は確固たる合意のために協力し、さらに、それぞれが決定事項を守り、排出削減の新たな方法を見いだし、対策に着手しなくてはならない。
The way forward is through Paris p.409
Once a solid agreement is made, the world must get to work.
doi: 10.1038/527409a
Once a solid agreement is made, the world must get to work.
doi: 10.1038/527409a
Written agreements between parties in research collaborations are not a sign of a lack of faith.
doi: 10.1038/527410a
Controversy in Brazil over access to a purported cancer cure could set a harmful precedent.
doi: 10.1038/527410b
Long-awaited decision by US government authorizes the first genetically engineered animal to be sold as food.
doi: 10.1038/527417a
Emission pledges raise hopes for an international treaty.
doi: 10.1038/527418a
First tranche of aid projects prompts concern over operations of fund for developing nations.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18815
Patients demand access to compound despite lack of clinical testing.
doi: 10.1038/527420a
Some want to scrap adjustment that keeps atomic time in sync with Earth's rotation.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18855
NIH to fund a cache of brain tissue and online data in place of live-animal experimentation.
doi: 10.1038/527422a
25年にわたる交渉を経て、ついに世界全体が地球温暖化対策に踏み出そうとしている今、これまでの歩みを振り返り、今後の道筋を展望する。
doi: 10.1038/527425a
各国は、団結して地球を守れるのだろうか？ 気候変動枠組条約に関するこれまでの物語をコミックでたどる。
doi: 10.1038/527427a
気候モデルによれば、温暖化を産業革命前と比較して2°C未満に抑えることは可能だが、この目標を達成するためには超人的な努力が要る。
doi: 10.1038/527436a
半索動物に属する2種類の海洋無脊椎動物のゲノム塩基配列が解読され、これらと近縁の動物の進化の輪郭が、脊椎動物も含めて、かなりはっきりしてきた。
doi: 10.1038/nature16315
タンパク質のIR25aについては、ショウジョウバエのにおい受容体という役割を持つことで最もよく知られている。今回、IR25aが気温の小さな変動を感知して概日時計を同調させる働きもしていることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature16316
ラット脳の血管にガスを充填したマイクロバブルを注入し、高速超音波イメージングを使ってバブルを検出することで、血管系全体の超解像イメージングが達成された。
doi: 10.1038/527451a
上皮腫瘍細胞の間葉細胞状態への転換は、転移巣を形成する際には必要でないが、この過程が実は薬剤耐性の誘導に関わっていることを示す証拠が、2つの研究で得られた。
doi: 10.1038/nature16313
西アフリカでのエボラ出血熱の流行からは、意外なことが次々と明らかになっている。ウイルスを最初にヒトに伝播させた動物種はまだ明らかになっていないが、病気から回復した一部の患者でウイルスリザーバーの存在と持続感染が起こっていることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/527453a
月の現在の軌道は、月の形成初期の軌道が地球の赤道面にあったと予測している理論とは一致しない。今回、月の軌道は数個の大型天体との重力相互作用によって傾いたことがシミュレーションによって示唆された。
doi: 10.1038/527455a
転写因子SIX6とその標的遺伝子であるp16INK4aが関わる分子カスケードは、眼と脳を連結するニューロンの死を引き起こす。この知見は、失明のよく見られる原因である緑内障に関する理解を深めることになる。
doi: 10.1038/527456a
Sequencing the genomes of two enteropneusts reveals complex genomic organization and developmental innovation in the ancestor of deuterostomes, a group of animals including echinoderms (starfish and their relatives) and chordates (which includes humans).
doi: 10.1038/nature16150
Haematopoietic stem cells normally reside in a bone marrow niche but they are recruited to the spleen after physiological stresses; here, endothelial cells and stromal cells around sinusoidal blood vessels of the spleen are shown to secrete key niche factors to support this process.
doi: 10.1038/nature15530
An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) lineage-tracing system in a mouse model of breast-to-lung metastasis reveals that although some cells undergo EMT in a primary epithelial tumour, the lung metastases mainly arise from cells that have not undergone EMT; in addition, cells that have undergone EMT appear more resistant to chemotherapy.
doi: 10.1038/nature15748
Yeast-based screening identifies the benzodiazepine drug lorazepam as a non-selective positive allosteric modulator of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR68; homology modelling and molecular docking of 3.1 million molecules found a new compound, ‘ogerin’, as a potent GPR68 modulator, which suppressed recall in fear conditioning in wild-type mice, and the general method of combining physical and structure-based screening may lead to the discovery of selective ligands for other GPCRs.
doi: 10.1038/nature15699
The first stars and their immediate successors should be found today in the central regions (bulges) of galaxies; old, metal-poor stars have now been found in the Milky Way bulge, including one star with an iron abundance about 10,000 times lower than that of the Sun without noticeable carbon enhancement, making it possibly the oldest known star in the Galaxy.
doi: 10.1038/nature15747
The number of long-period variable stars in a stellar population is directly related to their lifetime, which is difficult to predict from first principles; here a time-dependent stellar population model is constructed that includes the effects of long-period variable stars, and is applied to the galaxy M87.
doi: 10.1038/nature15731
Gravitational interactions after the Moon-forming event suggest that the current lunar inclination is the result of collisionless encounters of planetesimals with the early Moon–Earth system.
doi: 10.1038/nature16137
A new type of topological semimetal is described, which contains so-called type-II Weyl fermions and has very different properties to standard Weyl semimetals, owing to the existence of an open Fermi surface rather than a point-like one in the vicinity of Weyl points; WTe2 is predicted to be one such semimetal.
doi: 10.1038/nature15768
Conventional clinical ultrasound imaging has, at best, sub-millimetre-scale resolution, but now a new ultrasound technique is demonstrated that is based on fast tracking of transient signals from a sub-wavelength contrast agent and has sufficiently high resolution to map the microvasculature deep into organs.
doi: 10.1038/nature16066
Metal-organic frameworks have a porous structure that has useful applications in gas adsorption; here, small-angle X-ray scattering is used to visualize the process of adsorption as gas pressure increases, revealing that adsorbate molecules interact across pore walls in a way that allows extra adsorbate domains to be created in the framework and to form superlattices, before the adsorbate settles down into a more uniform distribution.
doi: 10.1038/nature15734
Oropetium thomaeum is a resurrection plant that can survive extreme water stress through desiccation to complete dryness, providing a model for drought tolerance; here, whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the Oropetium genome using single-molecule real-time sequencing is reported.
doi: 10.1038/nature15714
Activation of the sweet and bitter cortical fields in awake mice evokes predetermined behavioural programs, independent of learning and experience, illustrating the hardwired and innate nature of the sense of taste.
doi: 10.1038/nature15763
A Drosophila chemosensory receptor, expressed in leg sensory neurons, is necessary for behavioural and molecular synchronization of the fly’s circadian clock to low-amplitude temperature cycles; this temperature-sensing pathway functions independently from the known temperature sensors of the fly’s antennae.
doi: 10.1038/nature16148
Fungal pathogens reorient hyphal growth towards their plant hosts in response to chemical signals; here, directed growth of the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum towards the roots of the tomato plant is shown to be triggered by class III peroxidases secreted by the tomato plant, with the fungal response requiring a sex pheromone receptor.
doi: 10.1038/nature15516
Deletion of Twist or Snail, two key transcription factors that induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma leads to an increase in cell proliferation, and a greater sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine, with no effect on invasion or metastasis.
doi: 10.1038/nature16064
This study visualizes the interior of a dsRNA virus using cryo-electron microscopy, revealing the organization of the genome of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus together with its transcriptional enzyme complex in both quiescent and transcribing states.
doi: 10.1038/nature15767
The structure of the Cas1–Cas2 complex bound to a protospacer sequence illustrates how foreign DNA is captured and measured by bacterial proteins in preparation for integration into CRISPR loci.
doi: 10.1038/nature15760
The X-ray crystal structures of FtmOx1, the first known α-ketoglutarate-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme that can catalyse an endoperoxide formation reaction, are presented, along with further biochemical analyses which reveal the catalytic versatility of mononuclear non-haem iron enzymes, and help to unravel the mechanisms of endoperoxide biosyntheses.
doi: 10.1038/nature15519
