Volume 504 Number 7478

Editorials

悪質な科学的不正行為には、法的な捜査・究明の手が伸びるのもやむを得ない。

Call the cops p.7

The long arm of the law has reached into an investigation of alleged scientific misconduct in Italy, and should perhaps stretch still farther.

doi: 10.1038/504007a

FDAが、消費者直販型の遺伝子検査に対して規制の強化を図るのは当然だ。

The FDA and me p.7

Medical testing firms find it is in their best interests to cooperate with regulators.

doi: 10.1038/504007b

人々を魅了したファインマンの物理学講義は、教育には、さまざまな支援が必要なことを気づかせてくれる。

Lecture notes p.8

A physics course that hooked a generation reminds us that teachers need support.

doi: 10.1038/504008a

News

イランで、経済制裁のために、医薬品・ワクチンが不足する事態に。

Iran hit by drug shortage p.15

Sanctions cause increasing shortfall in medicines and vaccines.

doi: 10.1038/504015a

最古のヒト祖先のDNA配列から、このヒト族がデニソワ人とつながりがあることが分かり、専門家たちに困惑が。

Hominin DNA baffles experts p.16

Analysis of oldest sequence from a human ancestor suggests link to mystery population.

doi: 10.1038/504016a

画像検索が、研究論文の不正疑惑の捜査のきっかけに。

Image search triggers Italian police probe p.18

Method for checking global literature leads to investigation of cancer researcher.

doi: 10.1038/504018a

検査情報や指針の更新の遅れが、医療機関での耐性菌の見落としにつながる恐れが。

Bacteria evade detection net p.19

Slothful response from regulators and manufacturers means antibiotic resistance is missed.

doi: 10.1038/504019a

博物館やコレクターが、ゲノミクスの初期の装置や器具を競って収集へ。

Museums hunt for relics from genomics’ early days p.20

Collectors band together to salvage cast-off equipment.

doi: 10.1038/504020a

News Features

世界の健康:100万人の死

Global health: One million deaths p.22

インド初の大規模な死亡調査で、さまざまなことが明らかになってきた。

doi: 10.1038/504022a

地質学:北米中央に刻まれた傷跡

Geology: North America's broken heart p.24

北米大陸は10億年前に大断層によって真っ二つになるところだったが、それが起こらなかった理由の解明に、研究者たちが取り組んでいる。

doi: 10.1038/504024a

News & Views

フォーラム:惑星科学:月の起源に投げかけられる影

Planetary science: Shadows cast on Moon's origin p.90

地球の衛星である月はどのようにして作られたのか、それについての現在の見解に、観測とコンピューターシミュレーションによって疑問が投げかけられている。このフォーラムでは、2人の研究者が、それぞれ月の地球化学的性質と初期の激動の歴史という観点から、現在の理論についてまとめている。

doi: 10.1038/504090a

幹細胞:Ras変異に対する二重の応答

Stem cells: Dual response to Ras mutation p.91

造血幹細胞で増殖を促す変異が生じると、幹細胞の特性が失われる結果となることが多い。しかし、よく見られる発がん性変異の少なくとも1つは、増殖と幹細胞の自己複製の両方を増強するらしい。

doi: 10.1038/nature12840

宇宙物理学:γ線バーストの磁場

Astrophysics: Magnetic fields in γ-ray bursts p.92

γ線バースト直後の可視光領域の残光に見られる高偏光度の観測から、宇宙で起こるこのように強力な爆発は、大規模で秩序立った磁場をもたらすことが示された。

doi: 10.1038/504092a

構造生物学:電子顕微鏡で観察されたイオンチャネル

Structural biology: Ion channel seen by electron microscopy p.93

熱感受性TRPV1イオンチャネルの構造が、単一粒子低温電子顕微鏡を使って明らかにされた。これは構造生物学でこの手法を使って得られた画期的成果である。

doi: 10.1038/504093a

2013年度ノーベル賞特集:化学賞:計算化学のためのいろいろな方法

Nobel 2013: Chemistry: Methods for computational chemistry p.96

ノーベル化学賞は複雑な化学反応系のためのマルチスケールモデルの開発に対して、Martin Karplus、Michael Levitt、 Arieh Warshelの3氏に贈られた。

doi: 10.1038/504096a

2013年度ノーベル賞特集:経済学賞:資産価格を予測する

Nobel 2013: Economics: Predicting asset prices p.97

今年のアルフレッド・ノーベル記念経済学スウェーデン国立銀行賞は、資産価格の実証分析が市場の動向についての理解を進めたことを評価して、Eugene F Fama、Lars Peter Hansen、Robert J Shillerの3氏に贈呈された。

doi: 10.1038/504097a

2013年度ノーベル賞特集:医学生理学賞:細胞内の輸送制御系

Nobel 2013: Physiology or medicine: Traffic control system within cells p.98

今年のノーベル医学生理学賞はRandy W Schekman、James E Rothman、Thomas C Südhofの3氏が受賞した。受賞理由は、細胞内で産生された大量の分子を適切なタイミングで目的地に間違いなく輸送する仕組みの解明である。

doi: 10.1038/504098a

2013年度ノーベル賞特集:物理学賞:粒子に質量を与える

Nobel 2013: Physics: Endowing particles with mass p.99

ノーベル物理学賞は、基本粒子に質量を与える仕組みを理論的に明らかにしたFrançois Englert 、Peter W Higgsの両氏に贈られた。

doi: 10.1038/504099a

Articles

構造生物学:ムスカリン性アセチルコリン受容体の活性化とアロステリック調節

Activation and allosteric modulation of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor p.101

Very little is known about how a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transitions from an inactive to an active state, but this study has solved the X-ray crystal structures of the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor bound to a high-affinity agonist in an active state and to a high-affinity agonist and a small-molecule allosteric modulator in an active state; the structures provide insights into the activation mechanism and allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors.

doi: 10.1038/nature12735

構造生物学:低温電子顕微鏡法により決定されたTRPV1イオンチャネルの構造

Structure of the TRPV1 ion channel determined by electron cryo-microscopy p.107

A high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy structure of the rat transient receptor potential (TRP) channel TRPV1 in its ‘closed’ state is presented; the overall structure of this ion channel is found to share some common features with voltage-gated ion channels, although several unique, TRP-specific features are also characterized.

doi: 10.1038/nature12822

構造生物学:異なるコンホメーションにあるTRPV1構造から明らかになった活性化機構

TRPV1 structures in distinct conformations reveal activation mechanisms p.113

Using a peptide toxin and small vanilloid agonists as pharmacological probes, high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy structures of rat TRPV1–ligand complexes are solved; these structures highlight conformational differences between TRP and voltage-gated ion channels in their active states, and suggest a dual gating mechanism that may account for the ability of members of the TRP channel superfamily to integrate diverse physiological signals.

doi: 10.1038/nature12823

Letters

宇宙:GRB 120308Aの安定で秩序立った磁場からの大きく偏光した光

Highly polarized light from stable ordered magnetic fields in GRB 120308A p.119

The immediate optical afterglow of the γ-ray burst GRB 120308A is highly polarized, showing that γ-ray bursts contain magnetized baryonic jets with large-scale uniform fields that can survive long after the initial explosion.

doi: 10.1038/nature12814

惑星科学:ベスタ表面の意外な所にあるカンラン石

Olivine in an unexpected location on Vesta’s surface p.122

Although olivine was expected to occur within the deep, south-pole basins of asteroid Vesta, which are thought to be excavated mantle rocks, spectral data from NASA’s Dawn spacecraft show that it instead occurs as near-surface materials in Vesta’s northern hemisphere.

doi: 10.1038/nature12665

気候:エルニーニョ伝播非対称性の20世紀後半での出現と将来予測

Late-twentieth-century emergence of the El Niño propagation asymmetry and future projections p.126

The El Niño propagation asymmetry (in which sea surface temperature anomalies propagate eastwards during an extreme El Niño event) is shown to be caused by the variations in upper ocean currents in the equatorial Pacific Ocean; increased occurrences of the propagation asymmetry may be a manifestation of global greenhouse warming.

doi: 10.1038/nature12683

地球:大陸モホ面の起源を説明する島弧下部地殻の沈下

Foundering of lower island-arc crust as an explanation for the origin of the continental Moho p.131

The calculated density and seismic structure of the two best-exposed island arc sections (Kohistan and Talkeetna) reveals that the foundering of the lower arc crust produces a sharp seismic discontinuity characteristic of the continental Mohorovičić discontinuity.

doi: 10.1038/nature12758

進化:遺伝的不適合性は種内に広く存在する

Genetic incompatibilities are widespread within species p.135

The role that epistasis — non-additive interactions between alleles — plays in shaping population fitness is investigated in Drosophila melanogaster; the raw material to drive reproductive isolation is found to be segregating contemporaneously within species and does not necessarily require the emergence of incompatible mutations independently derived and fixed in allopatry.

doi: 10.1038/nature12678

がん:メラノサイト系譜のプログラムの1つはMAPキナーゼ経路阻害に対する耐性を付与する

A melanocyte lineage program confers resistance to MAP kinase pathway inhibition p.138

Expression of more than 15,500 genes individually in a melanoma cell line treated with RAF, MEK, ERK or combined RAF–MEK inhibitors reveals a cyclic-AMP-dependent melanocytic signalling network associated with drug resistance; this may represent a novel therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.

doi: 10.1038/nature12688

細胞:発がん性Nrasは幹細胞に対して2つの方式で影響を与え、持続的に競争力を高める

Oncogenic Nras has bimodal effects on stem cells that sustainably increase competitiveness p.143

Oncogenic Nras in mouse haematopoietic stem cells can increase the probability of cell division in some cells and decrease it in others; this bimodal activity explains how this single pre-leukaemic mutation can increase proliferation without reducing competitiveness by clonally expanding the rapidly dividing cell population and also promoting long-term self-renewal of stem cells.

doi: 10.1038/nature12830

植物科学:タンパク質の品質管理系が植物の防御化合物合成を管理する

The protein quality control system manages plant defence compound synthesis p.148

Plants defend themselves against attackers by producing bioactive secondary metabolites such as triterpene saponins; here, the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) system is shown to control the activity of HMGR, the rate-limiting enzyme in the supply of the terpene precursor isopentenyl diphosphate, thereby preventing unrestrained saponin production and ensuring the integrity of plant development.

doi: 10.1038/nature12685

微生物学:ヒストンデアセチラーゼ3は共生細菌に依存する腸内恒常性を調整する

Histone deacetylase 3 coordinates commensal-bacteria-dependent intestinal homeostasis p.153

This work identifies a role for intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-intrinsic expression of histone deacetylase 3 in regulating commensal-bacteria-dependent gene expression and intestinal homeostasis; IEC-specific HDAC3 deficiency gives rise to Paneth cell abnormalities, impaired intestinal barrier function, and increased DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in commensal-bacteria-containing, but not germ-free, mice.

doi: 10.1038/nature12687

免疫:免疫抑制性CD71+赤芽球細胞は新生児の感染に対する宿主防御を低下させる

Immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid cells compromise neonatal host defence against infection p.158

In neonatal mice, susceptibility to infection is due to an enriched subset of arginase-2-expressing CD71+ erythroid cells, which suppresses the systemic activation of immune cells, thereby protecting neonates against aberrant inflammation triggered by colonization with commensal microbes.

doi: 10.1038/nature12675

発生生物学:EHMT1はPRDM16複合体を介して褐色脂肪細胞の運命と熱産生を制御する

EHMT1 controls brown adipose cell fate and thermogenesis through the PRDM16 complex p.163

Brown adipose tissue-enriched lysine methyltransferase EHMT1 is an essential enzyme in the PRDM16–C/EBP-β transcriptional complex that controls brown adipose cell fate and energy metabolism.

doi: 10.1038/nature12652

構造生物学:PPRタンパク質が行う一本鎖RNAのモジュール方式による認識の構造的基盤

Structural basis for the modular recognition of single-stranded RNA by PPR proteins p.168

Although the roles of pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins in RNA metabolism are well characterised, the mechanism by which they recognise specific single-stranded (ss)RNAs remains ill-understood; here X-ray crystal structures of maize PPR10 in the presence and absence of ssRNA provide details of the PPR10–ssRNA interaction.

doi: 10.1038/nature12651

細胞生物学:LIMP-2の構造から得られた、SR-BIとCD36に関係する機能についての考察

Structure of LIMP-2 provides functional insights with implications for SR-BI and CD36 p.172

These results reveal the first high-resolution structural analysis of LIMP-2 and, by homology modelling, the structure of SR-BI and CD36, members of the CD36 superfamily of scavenger receptor proteins.

doi: 10.1038/nature12684

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