既存のコンピューター技術の限界をきちんと把握し、それを押し上げることが、より速いコンピューターへの道につながるだろう。
Future computing p.113
Pushing the boundaries of current computing technologies will show the way to new ones.
doi: 10.1038/512113b
Pushing the boundaries of current computing technologies will show the way to new ones.
doi: 10.1038/512113b
Infants and young people are being traumatized by armed conflict in their countries. Their resulting mental illnesses must be addressed, for the good of both the individuals and their society.
doi: 10.1038/512113a
California’s current water crisis offers a preview of what climate change will bring.
doi: 10.1038/512121a
European project evaluates risks to delicate ecosystems.
doi: 10.1038/512122a
US government programme will examine 10,000 adolescents to document effects on developing brains.
doi: 10.1038/512123a
Researchers warn that a change of mosquito host could accelerate spread of chikungunya across the Americas.
doi: 10.1038/512124a
大規模な学術ソーシャルネットワークは、科学に思いがけない変化をもたらす可能性があり、何百万人もの研究者が参加して活発に動き始めている。
doi: 10.1038/512126a
雌のショウジョウバエが配偶者候補と交尾するかどうかを選択する際に使われる神経サブ回路を突き止めれば、脳が複雑な情報を統合して意思決定に至る仕組みを解明するための枠組みが得られる。
doi: 10.1038/512138a
地球近傍にあるキロメートルサイズの小惑星の解析から、小惑星がばらばらにならないのは1枚の硬貨の重さよりも弱い力が働いているためであることが分かった。これは太陽系の進化の解明に関わってくる。
doi: 10.1038/512139a
血液系の再生を担う造血幹細胞の質は、加齢に伴って低下する。こうした劣化の原因は老化した幹細胞での細胞ストレスであるらしい。
doi: 10.1038/nature13652
非晶質の純金属が実験によって作製された。これは、ガラス形成の基本過程を調べるための準備段階となり、またこれによって、非晶質構造は凝縮物質の最も広く見られる形態であることが示唆された。
doi: 10.1038/nature13653
2種類の乳がんについて行われた単一細胞DNA塩基配列解読で、起こっている変異が個々の腫瘍によって大幅に変動することが明らかになり、遺伝学的多様性は腫瘍の進化の仕方に付随して生じることが確認された。
doi: 10.1038/nature13650
大気による天体像のぼやけを補正する完全自動化された光学系によって、惑星を持つと考えられている715の恒星系が画像化され、1つの系の観測には、このN&V記事を読むより短い時間しかかからなかった。
doi: 10.1038/512144a
細胞内タンパク質分解を調節する大型のタンパク質複合体であるCOP9シグナロソームの結晶構造から、この複合体が基質に対して際立って高い特異性を示す理由が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13644
To evaluate the promise of potential computing technologies, this review examines a wide range of fundamental limits, such as to performance, power consumption, size and cost, from the device level to the system level.
doi: 10.1038/nature13570
To investigate genomic diversity within tumours, a new type of whole-genome and exome single cell sequencing has been developed using G2/M nuclei; the technique was used to sequence single nuclei from an oestrogen-positive breast cancer and a triple-negative ductal carcinoma—aneuploidy rearrangements emerged as early events in tumour formation and then point mutations evolved gradually over time.
doi: 10.1038/nature13600
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex regulates cullin–RING E3 ubiquitin ligases—the largest class of ubiquitin ligase enzymes, which are involved in a multitude of regulatory processes; here, the crystal structure of the entire human CSN holoenzyme is presented.
doi: 10.1038/nature13566
The three-dimensional structure of intact human γ-secretase complex at 4.5 Å resolution is revealed by cryo-electron-microscopy single-particle analysis; the complex comprises a horseshoe-shaped transmembrane domain containing 19 transmembrane segments, and a large extracellular domain from nicastrin, which sits immediately above the hollow space formed by the horseshoe.
doi: 10.1038/nature13567
The contribution of solar-wind ions exchanging electrons with helium and hydrogen near the Sun is shown to be only about 40 per cent of the 1/4-keV X-ray flux observed in the Galactic plane; this supports the existence of a local ‘hot bubble’ filled with X-ray-emitting gas, accounting for the rest of the flux.
doi: 10.1038/nature13525
Modelling and observations of the kilometre-sized asteroid (29075) 1950 DA reveal it to be a ‘rubble pile’ that is rotating faster than is allowed by gravity and friction; cohesive forces such as those in lunar regolith are required to prevent it breaking up.
doi: 10.1038/nature13632
Metallic liquids of single elements have been successfully vitrified to their glassy states by achieving an ultrafast quenching rate in a new experimental design, of which the process has been monitored and studied by a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy and atoms-to-continuum computer modelling.
doi: 10.1038/nature13617
Analysis of the Moon's topography reveals that when its largest basins are removed, the lunar shape is consistent with processes controlled by early Earth tides, and implies a reorientation of the Moon's principal shape axes.
doi: 10.1038/nature13639
Many factors have been proposed as contributors to risk of alcohol abuse, but quantifying their influence has been difficult; here a longitudinal study of a large sample of adolescents and machine learning are used to generate models of predictors of current and future alcohol abuse, assessing the relative contribution of many factors, including life history, individual personality differences, brain structure and genotype.
doi: 10.1038/nature13402
An association mapping study of type-2-diabetes-related quantitative traits in the Greenlandic population identified a common variant in TBC1D4 that increases plasma glucose levels and serum insulin levels after an oral glucose load and type 2 diabetes risk, with effect sizes several times larger than any previous findings of large-scale genome-wide association studies for these traits.
doi: 10.1038/nature13425
Admixture with other hominin species helped humans to adapt to high-altitude environments; the EPAS1 gene in Tibetan individuals has an unusual haplotype structure that probably resulted from introgression of DNA from Denisovan or Denisovan-related individuals into humans, and this haplotype is only found in Denisovans and Tibetans, and at low frequency among Han Chinese.
doi: 10.1038/nature13408
Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function is known to degrade with age; here, replication stress is shown to be a potent driver of the functional decline of HSCs during physiological ageing in mice due to decreased expression of mini-chromosome maintenance helicase components and reduced activity of the DNA replication machinery.
doi: 10.1038/nature13619
By characterizing a very large number of might-have-been evolutionary trajectories starting from a resurrected ancestral protein, the authors show that the evolution of an essential modern protein was contingent on extremely unlikely historical mutations.
doi: 10.1038/nature13410
This study identifies the DENR–MCT-1 complex as the first factors in animals specific for translation re-initiation downstream of upstream Open Reading Frames (uORFs).
doi: 10.1038/nature13401
A nucleosome-spacing mechanism for human ATP-dependent chromatin assembly and remodelling factor (ACF).
doi: 10.1038/nature13380
Single-particle electron microscopy and hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry are used to characterize the structure and dynamics of a G-protein-coupled receptor–arrestin complex.
doi: 10.1038/nature13430
