製薬企業が精神疾患の治療法の開発に再び取り組み始めたのは、歓迎すべきことだ。

Mind how you go p.141

The protracted battle to find cures for psychiatric illnesses is changing course, but prejudice and stigma against those with poor mental health remain a problem.

doi: 10.1038/502141a

米政府機関の一部閉鎖は科学にも悪影響を及ぼしており、議会は弊害が深刻になる前に事態を打開すべきだ。

Closed question p.141

The US shutdown is damaging science, and Congress must be called to account.

doi: 10.1038/502141b

ネイチャー・パブリッシング・グループは、来春、科学データの有効活用を目指して、オープン・アクセスのオンラインデータ雑誌Scientific Dataを創刊する。

Launch of an online data journal p.142

doi: 10.1038/502142a

ノーベル医学生理学賞は、細胞内小胞輸送の仕組みを解明した3氏に。

Cell transport carries off Nobel p.149

Medicine prize goes to discoverers of vesicle system that shuttles biomolecules around cells.

doi: 10.1038/502149a

ノーベル物理学賞は、ヒッグス粒子の存在を予想した理論物理学の2氏に。

Higgs theorists amass physics prize p.150

François Englert and Peter Higgs rewarded with Nobel 50 years after hunt for boson began.

doi: 10.1038/502150a

コンゴ民主共和国が、炭素クレジットを活用するため、熱帯雨林の詳細なバイオマス地図作製へ。

Congo carbon plan kicks off p.151

Democratic Republic of the Congo maps forest biomass to attract carbon credits.

doi: 10.1038/502151a

米国家安全保障局（NSA）による盗聴問題をめぐり、研究者の間に温度差が。

Researchers split over NSA hacking p.152

Cryptographers condemn US National Security Agency’s tapping and tampering, but mathematicians shrug.

doi: 10.1038/502152a

ノバルティス社が、新たな方向性を持って、脳研究に再び重点的な取り組みを。

Novartis reboots brain division p.153

After years in the doldrums, research into neurological disorders is about to undergo a major change of direction.

doi: 10.1038/502153a

臨床試験での不都合なデータが、業界内部にとどまり、一般に公開されない傾向が明らかに。

Secrets of trial data revealed p.154

Records of side effects seen in clinical tests are missing from publicly available documents.

doi: 10.1038/502154a

神経科学：マウスの目を通して

Neuroscience: Through the eyes of a mouse p.156

Some brain researchers are increasingly using mice to study visual processing, but others fear the move is short-sighted.

doi: 10.1038/502156a

アマゾンの生態系：森の足跡

Amazon ecology: Footprints in the forest p.160

Researchers are tracking just how much impact ancient peoples had on the Amazon.

doi: 10.1038/502160a

フォーラム：地球科学：気候変動が未知の領域に入る時機

Earth science: The timing of climate change p.174

気候変動に対する革新的な予想として、進行中の温暖化が過去の気候変動の範囲を超えるのは何年後になるかが算出された。3人の専門家が、従来の評価と比較した場合にこの計算が持つ意味と、地球の生物多様性との関係について説明している。

doi: 10.1038/502174a

古生物学：見つかってびっくりの化石魚

Palaeontology: A jaw-dropping fossil fish p.175

現代の有顎脊椎動物の祖先は、サメのような外観を持つ魚として描かれることが多い。だが、中国で画期的な化石が見つかり、原始の有顎脊椎動物に新しい顔が与えられることになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12690

量子物理学：波動関数の崩壊を観察する

Quantum physics: Watching the wavefunction collapse p.177

超伝導系の量子状態がとる連続的でランダムな経路が、測定の間の状態変化として追跡された。この結果は量子系を目的とする状態に向かうように操作する可能性を開く。

doi: 10.1038/502177a

微生物学：熱を測るRNA

Microbiology: RNAs at fever pitch p.178

普段は人畜無害な細菌の中には、危険な病原体に変化する可能性を持つものもいる。こうした種の1つである髄膜炎菌（Neisseria meningitidis）はRNAからなる3つの熱センサーを使ってヒト宿主の免疫応答を回避するらしい。

doi: 10.1038/nature12563

細胞生物学：細胞のアンテナでの分子除去

Cell biology: Molecular clearance at the cell's antenna p.180

オートファジーという自己分解過程は細胞の品質管理機構の1つで、多数の臨床疾患と関連がある。オートファジーと細胞の一次繊毛とは、相互に調節し合う関係にあることが分かってきた。

doi: 10.1038/nature12693

メタボリックシンドローム：「フ」はフルクトースとファットのフ

Metabolic syndrome: F stands for fructose and fat p.181

フルクトースとグルコースのカロリーは同じだが、この2種類の糖の代謝過程は異なっている。フルクトースを代謝できないマウスは、糖質を多く含む食餌を与えた際に、よりよい健康状態を保つことが分かってきた。

doi: 10.1038/502181a

気候：近年の変動性から気候が逸脱する時機の予測

The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability p.183

An ensemble of simulations indicates that ongoing climate change will exceed the bounds of historical climate variability some time in the mid to late twenty-first century and that the burden of rapid climate adaption will occur earliest in highly biodiverse and often economically challenged tropical areas.

doi: 10.1038/nature12540

古生物学：硬骨魚類様の辺縁顎骨を持つシルル紀の板皮類

A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones p.188

Although the origin of jaws is one of the key episodes in the evolution of vertebrates, the jaw bones of modern bony fishes and limbed vertebrates differ so much from those in any other groups that the individual evolutionary steps in the transition are still unknown; here Entelognathus is described, an early placoderm fish with full body armour, but with marginal jaw bones similar to those of modern bony fishes and limbed vertebrates.

doi: 10.1038/nature12617

細胞生物学：オートファジーと繊毛形成の間の機能的相互作用

Functional interaction between autophagy and ciliogenesis p.194

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; here the authors show that the primary cilium is required for activation of starvation-induced autophagy and that basal autophagy negatively regulates ciliogenesis.

doi: 10.1038/nature12639

構造生物学：E1P状態に先行するNa⁺結合Na⁺,K⁺-ATPアーゼの結晶構造

Crystal structure of a Na+-bound Na+,K+-ATPase preceding the E1P state p.201

X-ray crystal structures of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase in a transition state that precedes the phosphorylated intermediate are described, showing how this ATPase functions as a Na⁺-specific pump.

doi: 10.1038/nature12578

物理：⁵⁴Caの準位構造からの新しい原子核「魔法数」を示す証拠

Evidence for a new nuclear ‘magic number’ from the level structure of 54Ca p.207

A spectroscopic study highlights the ‘doubly magic’ nature of ⁵⁴Ca and provides direct experimental evidence for the onset of a sizable subshell closure at neutron number 34 in isotopes far from stability.

doi: 10.1038/nature12522

物理：超伝導量子ビットの単一量子トラジェクトリーを観測する

Observing single quantum trajectories of a superconducting quantum bit p.211

By monitoring the environment of a superconducting quantum bit in real time, the quantum bit can be maintained in a pure state and its time evolution, as described by its ‘quantum trajectory’, can be tracked.

doi: 10.1038/nature12539

物性物理学：古典的結晶薄膜系における準結晶構造の形成

Quasicrystalline structure formation in a classical crystalline thin-film system p.215

The unusual ordering of quasicrystals can be induced in thin films of a regular crystalline material; here a two-dimensional quasicrystal has been achieved by growing thin films of the perovskite barium titanate on an appropriately oriented crystalline platinum substrate.

doi: 10.1038/nature12514

地球：地球内核による地磁気永年変化の下から上への制御

Bottom-up control of geomagnetic secular variation by the Earth’s inner core p.219

The pattern of geomagnetic secular variation observed on the Earth’s surface is shown to be reproduced by two mechanisms relying on the inner core; this bottom-up heterogeneous driving of outer-core convection dominates top-down driving from mantle thermal heterogeneities.

doi: 10.1038/nature12574

生態：熱帯林の二次遷移に共生的窒素固定が果たす重要な役割

Key role of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation in tropical forest secondary succession p.224

In tropical moist forests, nitrogen-fixing tree species can supply a large proportion of the nitrogen required for net forest growth in the first 12 years of recovery after human or natural perturbation, with nitrogen-fixing trees accumulating carbon up to nine times faster per individual than non-fixing trees, and species-specific differences in the amount and timing of fixation.

doi: 10.1038/nature12525

進化：反響定位を行う哺乳類のゲノム全体に見られる収斂進化のシグネチャー

Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals OPEN p.228

By analysing genomic sequences in echolocating mammals it is shown that convergence is not a rare process restricted to a handful of loci but is instead widespread, continuously distributed and commonly driven by natural selection acting on a small number of sites per locus; analyses involved sequence comparisons across 22 mammals, including 4 new bat genomes, and found signatures consistent with convergence in genes linked to hearing or deafness, but surprisingly also to vision.

doi: 10.1038/nature12511

細胞：血小板に偏った幹細胞は造血幹細胞階層構造の頂点に位置する

Platelet-biased stem cells reside at the apex of the haematopoietic stem-cell hierarchy p.232

The identification of a functionally distinct subset of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that is primed for platelet-specific gene expression is described; the cells frequently have long-term myeloid lineage bias, can self-renew and give rise to lymphoid-biased HSCs, and may enable the design of therapies for enhancing platelet reconstitution.

doi: 10.1038/nature12495

微生物学：髄膜炎菌の免疫回避は発熱状態によって誘導される

Temperature triggers immune evasion by Neisseria meningitidis p.237

Three Neisseria meningitidis RNA thermosensors important for resistance against complement-mediated immune killing are identified, located in the 5′ untranslated regions of genes necessary for capsule biosynthesis, expression of factor H binding protein and sialyation of lipolysaccharide; increased temperature may act as a warning signal for the bacterium, prompting it to enhance mechanisms of immune evasion.

doi: 10.1038/nature12616

医学：中国でヒトへの感染を引き起こしたH7N9インフルエンザウイルスの発生と起源

The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China p.241

Evolutionary analyses show that H7 influenza viruses probably transferred from ducks to chickens in China on at least two independent occasions, and that reassortment with H9N2 viruses generated the H7N9 outbreak lineage that recently emerged in humans in China, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage; these H7N7 viruses are shown to have the ability to infect ferrets, and the current pandemic threat could extend beyond H7N9 viruses.

doi: 10.1038/nature12515

免疫：2型自然リンパ球は好酸球の恒常性を制御する

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis p.245

Eosinophil recruitment to the lung and intestine is regulated by type-2-innate-lymphoid-cell-derived IL-5 and IL-13; IL-5 is shown to be induced by the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide, which is known to coordinate pancreatic secretion with smooth muscle relaxation in response to feeding.

doi: 10.1038/nature12526

遺伝：Uhrf1に依存したH3K23のユビキチン化が、維持DNAメチル化と複製とを共役させる

Uhrf1-dependent H3K23 ubiquitylation couples maintenance DNA methylation and replication p.249

The RING finger domain protein Uhrf1 is known to have an important role in DNA methylation pattern maintenance through the recruitment of the methyltransferase Dnmt1 to hemimethylated DNA sites: here, Uhrf1 is shown to act as a ubiquitin ligase for H3, an essential step in Dnmt1 recruitment.

doi: 10.1038/nature12488

細胞生物学：オートファジーは、中心小体サテライトからのOFD1除去によって一次繊毛形成を促進する

Autophagy promotes primary ciliogenesis by removing OFD1 from centriolar satellites p.254

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; the authors demonstrate here that autophagic degradation of the oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) protein at centriolar satellites promotes primary cilium biogenesis, and that autophagy modulation might provide a novel means of ciliopathy treatment.

doi: 10.1038/nature12606