Volume 505 Number 7485

Editorials

異常気象につながる太平洋の温度上昇を早期に捉えられるよう、観測態勢の立て直しを図るべきだ。

Support our buoys p.585

An international effort is needed to restore an early-warning system for the vast warming of the Pacific Ocean that leads to extreme weather worldwide.

doi: 10.1038/505585a

ヨーロッパが打ち出した温暖化対策の目標値は、2015年のパリ会議に向け、世界各国の努力を呼びかける合図になる。

Open invitation p.585

Europe’s proposed climate targets fire the starting gun on the long build-up to Paris 2015.

doi: 10.1038/505585b

結晶学が誕生して100年、多くの成果が上がっている。

Crystal clear p.586

Celebrating the many achievements of crystallography.

doi: 10.1038/505586a

News

韓国の幹細胞ねつ造事件の内部告発者が、8年の沈黙を破ってNatureのインタビューに。

Whistle-blower breaks his silence p.593

South Korean researcher reveals the fallout he faced from his tip-offs about former cloning fraudster Woo Suk Hwang.

doi: 10.1038/505593a

全米科学財団が閉鎖を検討しているグリーンバンク望遠鏡が、閉鎖を回避しようと、資金集めの努力を。

US struggles to offload telescopes p.594

West Virginia radio observatory seeks money from partners to fend off closure by the National Science Foundation.

doi: 10.1038/505594a

日本の研究者が、成体細胞を外部刺激のみによって再プログラム化する方法を発見。

Acid bath offers easy path to stem cells p.596

Just squeezing or bathing cells in acidic conditions can readily reprogram them into an embryonic state.

doi: 10.1038/505596a

EUの温室効果ガス削減目標に、生ぬるいと批判が。

EU climate targets under fire p.597

Critics fear that Europe’s proposed energy goals and emissions cuts are too soft.

doi: 10.1038/505597a

合成生物学企業の開発の焦点が、医薬品やバイオ燃料から、食品・フレグランスの成分などの「ファインケミカル」へ。

Synthetic-biology firms shift focus p.598

Switch to food and fragrances risks consumer rejection.

doi: 10.1038/505598a

ロシアとの関係強化を図るウクライナで、研究者たちも、EUとの関係強化を求めて反政府抗議デモの最前線に。

Ukrainian scientists in forefront of protest p.599

Researchers rally as government shuns international ties.

doi: 10.1038/505599a

News Features

結晶学:結晶の世紀

Molecular structures: The crystal century p.601

この100年、結晶学は薬の設計から火星の土壌試料の分析まで、科学の幅広い分野の進歩に役立ってきた。

doi: 10.1038/505601a

結晶学:原子の秘密

Crystallography: Atomic secrets p.602

ドイツのノーベル賞科学者ラウエによるX線回折の発見以来100年間の、結晶学のさまざまな成果を振り返る。

doi: 10.1038/505602a

結晶学:結晶学の切り札

X-ray science: The big guns p.604

強力なX線自由電子レーザー(XFEL)の開発、およびそれを利用する研究競争が世界各国で繰り広げられている。

doi: 10.1038/505604a

News & Views

フォーラム:結晶学:インスピレーションの源

Crystallography: Sources of inspiration p.620

結晶学で使われるX線源として、長い間最も多く使われてきたのはシンクロトロンである。だが、X線自由電子レーザーの登場によって競争が始まった。このフォーラムでは、シンクロトロン使用に熟達した研究者と自由電子レーザーを支持する研究者が、それぞれが「ひいき」とするX線源を構造生物学で使用する場合の見通しについて論じている。

doi: 10.1038/505620a

分子生物学:RNAが隠し持つ2層目の情報

Molecular biology: A second layer of information in RNA p.621

細胞内の全てのRNAについて、折りたたみ方を調べた3つの研究が発表された。RNAには多数の二次構造があることが分かり、その一部は細胞の機能に影響している可能性が明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/505621a

細胞生物学:解き放たれた能力

Cell biology: Potency unchained p.622

分化した細胞が、物理的刺激を加えることで胚に似た状態に再プログラム化された。このような処理によって、胚と胎盤の両方の形成に寄与する新しい細胞集団が生じた。

doi: 10.1038/505622a

宇宙物理学:ダイナミックな隣人の肖像

Astrophysics: Portrait of a dynamic neighbour p.625

褐色矮星は、十分発達した恒星になるだけの質量を持っていない天体である。このような天体の1つの高分解能マップによって、これらの風変わりな天体の天候が非常に変わりやすいことを示すさらなる証拠が得られた。

doi: 10.1038/505625a

進化生物学:兄弟愛は雌の役に立つ

Evolutionary biology: Brotherly love benefits females p.626

交尾をめぐる雄同士の競争は、雌にとって有害な結果を招くことが多い。だが、ショウジョウバエの雄は血縁間では行動を変え、兄弟に対する場合は攻撃行動が抑制され、その結果、雌の繁殖期間が長くなることが分かった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12853

原子物理学:極を探す

Atomic physics: Polar exploration p.627

磁気単極子、つまり1個の磁荷しか持たない粒子はいまだかつて見つかったことがない。今回、こうした粒子に類似したものが、極低温のルビジウム原子雲中で生成されたことが報告された。

doi: 10.1038/505627a

Review

宇宙:小惑星帯の組成マップから導かれる太陽系の進化

Solar System evolution from compositional mapping of the asteroid belt p.629

Unexpected diversity in the asteroids in the main asteroid belt holds clues to mixing via planetary migration in the early Solar System.

doi: 10.1038/nature12908

Articles

進化:lncRNAのレパートリーおよび発現パターンの四肢類における進化

The evolution of lncRNA repertoires and expression patterns in tetrapods p.635

Evolutionary study of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) repertoires and expression patterns in 11 tetrapod species identifies approximately 11,000 primate-specific lncRNAs and 2,500 highly conserved lncRNAs, including approximately 400 genes that are likely to have ancient origins; many lncRNAs, particularly ancient ones, are actively regulated and may function mainly in embryonic development.

doi: 10.1038/nature12943

細胞:外界刺激が誘導する体細胞から多能性細胞への運命転換

Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency p.641

One of two papers describing a reprogramming phenomenon called stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) — in STAP, lineage-committed adult somatic cells are reprogrammed to pluripotency by transient exposure to low-pH treatment, and extensive analysis of the molecular features and developmental potential of STAP cells indicates that they represent a unique state of pluripotency.

doi: 10.1038/nature12968

細胞生物学:ANP32EはクロマチンからH2A.Zを取り除くヒストンシャペロンである

ANP32E is a histone chaperone that removes H2A.Z from chromatin p.648

Human protein ANP32E is a histone chaperone that promotes removal of H2A.Z from chromatin.

doi: 10.1038/nature12922

Letters

宇宙:最近傍にある褐色矮星の全球雲マップ

A global cloud map of the nearest known brown dwarf p.654

A map of the surface of a brown dwarf reveals features that suggest patchy clouds, providing the mechanism for the dispersal of atmospheric dust as brown dwarfs cool with age.

doi: 10.1038/nature12955

原子物理学:合成磁場中でのディラック単極子の観測

Observation of Dirac monopoles in a synthetic magnetic field p.657

Dirac magnetic monopoles are created, directly imaged and identified in real space in the synthetic magnetic field produced by a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate.

doi: 10.1038/nature12954

化学:分子間クーロン脱励起によるサイト選択的およびエネルギー選択的な低速電子生成

Site- and energy-selective slow-electron production through intermolecular Coulombic decay p.661

Intermolecular Coulombic decay driven by resonant Auger decay can be used to produce low-energy electrons selectively from chosen molecular or atomic sites and with tunable energies, with possible applications in radiation therapy.

doi: 10.1038/nature12936

化学:分子二量体の分子間クーロン脱励起を駆動する共鳴オージェ崩壊

Resonant Auger decay driving intermolecular Coulombic decay in molecular dimers p.664

Intermolecular Coulombic decay transfers excess energy to neighbouring molecules, which then lose a low-energy (and, hence, genotoxic) electron; here the process is experimentally confirmed to be site-selective and highly efficient, possibly enabling more targeted radiation therapy.

doi: 10.1038/nature12927

気候:過去500~1500年間において最も低かったオーストラリアの熱帯低気圧活動

Australian tropical cyclone activity lower than at any time over the past 550–1,500 years p.667

A tropical cyclone activity index that allows for a direct comparison between the modern instrumental record and long-term palaeotempest (prehistoric tropical cyclone) records shows that present low levels of storm activity on the mid west and northeast coasts of Australia are unprecedented over the past 550 to 1,500 years.

doi: 10.1038/nature12882

進化:ショウジョウバエでは集団内の雄の血縁性が雌への危害を低減する

Within-group male relatedness reduces harm to females in Drosophila p.672

Relatedness can affect fitness through modulation of intrasexual competition in Drosophila melanogaster; male competition and female harm are lower when three related males compete over an unrelated female than when three unrelated males compete, but when two brothers and an unrelated male compete, the unrelated male sires twice as many offspring as either brother, suggesting that minorities of unrelated competitors may be able to infiltrate coalitions of relatives.

doi: 10.1038/nature12949

細胞:多能性を獲得した再プログラム化細胞における二方向性の発生能

Bidirectional developmental potential in reprogrammed cells with acquired pluripotency p.676

One of two papers describing a reprogramming phenomenon called stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) — in STAP, lineage-committed adult somatic cells are reprogrammed to pluripotency by transient exposure to low-pH treatment, and extensive analysis of the molecular features and developmental potential of STAP cells indicates that they represent a unique state of pluripotency.

doi: 10.1038/nature12969

微生物学:ブルーストリパノソーマにおけるクオラムセンシングシグナル伝達経路の全ゲノム分析

Genome-wide dissection of the quorum sensing signalling pathway in Trypanosoma brucei p.681

Here a genome-wide RNAi library screen is used to identify components of the signalling pathway that allow transformation of Trypanosoma brucei spp., the protozoan parasite responsible for important human and livestock diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, from proliferative slender forms to arrested stumpy forms which are transmitted to the tsetse fly vector.

doi: 10.1038/nature12864

ウイルス進化:集団規模の塩基配列解読により明らかになったRNAウイルスの変異および適応度の全体像

Mutational and fitness landscapes of an RNA virus revealed through population sequencing p.686

A new approach to accurately determine mutation frequencies with RNA virus populations called circular sequencing (CirSeq) has been developed; a study of the genetic composition of populations of poliovirus shows the fitness landscape for each nucleotide variant in an evolving RNA virus.

doi: 10.1038/nature12861

免疫:IFN誘導型遺伝子の汎ウイルス特異性はcGASの自然免疫における新規な役割を明らかにしている

Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity p.691

The specificity of interferon effectors across an expanded range of viruses is studied, with results indicating that positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more susceptible to interferon-stimulated gene activity than negative-sense RNA or DNA viruses; in addition, the DNA sensor cGAS is shown to have an unappreciated role in RNA virus inhibition.

doi: 10.1038/nature12862

分子生物学:in vivoでのRNA二次構造のゲノム規模プロファイリングによって明らかになった新規な調節特性

In vivo genome-wide profiling of RNA secondary structure reveals novel regulatory features p.696

RNA adopts vast and complicated secondary structures in the living cell; reported here is a new approach, structure-seq, that characterises RNA structure in vivo on a genome-wide scale at nucleotide resolution and should be applicable to any organism.

doi: 10.1038/nature12756

分子生物学:RNA構造の全ゲノム探索によって明らかになったin vivoでのmRNA構造の能動的解きほぐし

Genome-wide probing of RNA structure reveals active unfolding of mRNA structures in vivo p.701

Understanding how RNA structure influences its function has been hampered by a lack of approaches that can accurately quantify RNA structure in vivo; here, RNA structure is revealed on a global scale and with nucleotide-level resolution, showing that there is less structure within cells than expected from in vitro and in silica analyses.

doi: 10.1038/nature12894

分子生物学:ヒトのトランスクリプトーム全体におけるRNA二次構造の状態と変動

Landscape and variation of RNA secondary structure across the human transcriptome p.706

An RNA secondary structure (RSS) map of coding and noncoding RNA from a human family (two parents and their child) is produced; this reveals that approximately 15% of all transcribed single nucleotide variants (SNVs) alter local RNA structure, and these SNVs are depleted in certain locations, suggesting that particular RNA structures are important at those sites.

doi: 10.1038/nature12946

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