ねつ造事件を引き起こした韓国の黃禹錫の復権には、慎重な姿勢が必要だ。
Don’t rush to rehabilitate Hwang p.453
Nature’s profile of a former fraudster’s attempts to regain respectability should not be taken as an endorsement of the researcher’s claims.
doi: 10.1038/505453a
Volume 505 Number 7484
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: ミトリボソームの謎を解く：哺乳類ミトコンドリアリボソーム・39Sサブユニットの構造
がんゲノミクス: 新たに見つかったがん遺伝子
免疫: HIV/AIDSワクチンの短所
免疫: もう1つのAIDS治療法
宇宙: 小惑星ケレス表面の水蒸気
量子エレクトロニクス: グラフェンのエッジ状態
材料: 転位のひずみで波打つ2層グラフェン
気候: 南極の気候に対する大西洋の影響
生態: 土壌炭素量のカギを握る菌根菌
細胞: 血液幹細胞に見られる雌雄差
微生物学: 腸内微生物叢は食餌によって迅速に変化する
目次
Editorials
米議会は、予算の空白を再び作らぬよう、今回の混乱を教訓にすべきだ。
A return to order p.453
Members of the US Congress have taken a much-needed step to restore credibility.
doi: 10.1038/505453b
ストロンチウム原子を用いた新しい光学時計は精度が極めて高く、非常に安定で、時間の定義を見直すことにつながる可能性もある。
A question of time p.454
Timekeeping is boosted by the advent of an optical clock based on strontium atoms.
doi: 10.1038/505454a
News
混乱を極めた米国の予算協議が、ついに決着。
Budget offers recovery hope p.461
US physical sciences benefit more than biomedical research.
doi: 10.1038/505461a
英国の南極掘削計画の失敗の原因が詳細な解析で明らかになり、解決に望みも。
Polar drilling problems revealed p.463
Report into failings of expedition to explore Antarctic lake finds equipment to blame — but complications can be fixed.
doi: 10.1038/505463a
カンラン石を利用した炭素隔離技術の改良に、研究者たちが関心を。
Rock’s power to mop up carbon revisited p.464
Experts push for more research into olivine weathering.
doi: 10.1038/505464a
米イエローストーン国立公園のハイイログマが、保護の対象から外される恐れが。
Yellowstone grizzlies face losing protected status p.465
Conservationists protest after panel recommends ending bears’ endangered-species listing.
doi: 10.1038/505465a
地質学的に重要な場所とされる南シナ海で、統合国際深海掘削計画（IODP）による掘削調査が。
Sea drilling project launches p.466
International expedition hopes to unravel mysteries of the South China Sea, one of the world’s most geologically important seas.
doi: 10.1038/505466a
News Features
幹細胞：クローニングの返り咲き
Cloning comeback p.468
8年前、ねつ造と倫理問題で、ヒト幹細胞研究の頂点の座から滑り落ちた黃禹錫は、科学界で再び名誉を回復できるのだろうか。
doi: 10.1038/505468a
量子物理学：傷まで完璧
Quantum physics: Flawed to perfection p.472
超高純度ダイヤモンドは、量子コンピューターから生物医学センサーまで、さまざまな分野を進歩させる。
doi: 10.1038/505472a
News & Views
生態学：良き友がもたらす良い土
Ecology: Good dirt with good friends p.486
全球の森林にわたるデータの解析から、樹木の根に付く有益な真菌の種類によって、土壌中に蓄えられる炭素の量が決まることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature12849
太陽系：気化する小惑星
Solar system: Evaporating asteroid p.487
小惑星ケレスには大量の水が存在すると考えられている。ハーシェル宇宙望遠鏡によって行われた観測によって、太陽系のこの天体の表面から水蒸気が噴き出していることが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/505487a
幹細胞：血液に見られる性的特異性
Stem cells: Sex specificity in the blood p.488
血液細胞を生み出す造血幹細胞はエストロゲンに応答し、そのため雌マウスでの細胞分裂頻度は雄マウスの場合よりも高いことが示された。これは、雌では妊娠中に血液の必要量が増えることに対しての備えであると考えられる。
doi: 10.1038/505488a
電子工学：弱者を強者から守る
Electronics: Protecting the weak from the strong p.490
高感度の電子装置を強力な信号干渉から守ることができる、薄くて高性能の表面が開発された。これを使えば、高感度電子装置と外部アンテナとの効率的な通信が可能になる。
doi: 10.1038/nature12852
気候科学：南極についてのパラドックスを解く
Climate science: A resolution of the Antarctic paradox p.491
南極風と海氷の変化を駆動するのに、北大西洋と熱帯大西洋が10年以上の規模の時間スケールで関わっている可能性が、観測データとモデリングを組み合わせることで示された。
doi: 10.1038/505491a
HIV：あまり無害とは言えない隣人たち
HIV: Not-so-innocent bystanders p.492
HIV感染中に引き起こされるCD4+ T細胞の細胞死のほとんどは、ピロトーシスが原因であることが分かった。HIVに関連して起こるT細胞数の激減と炎症の原因はずっと不明のままだったが、この知見はそれについての説明になりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/505492a
Articles
がんゲノミクス：21種類の腫瘍におけるがん遺伝子の発見とサンプリング飽和度分析
Discovery and saturation analysis of cancer genes across 21 tumour types p.495
Large-scale genomic analysis of somatic point mutations in exomes from tumour–normal pairs across 21 cancer types identifies most known cancer genes in these tumour types as well as 33 genes not known to be significantly mutated, and down-sampling analysis indicates that larger sample sizes will reveal many more genes mutated at clinically important frequencies.
doi: 10.1038/nature12912
免疫：SIVおよびHIVに対するワクチンを使った防御の免疫学的およびウイルス学的機構
Immunological and virological mechanisms of vaccine-mediated protection against SIV and HIV p.502
The analysis of multiple SIV vaccine regimens in macaques leads to the identification of a key two-amino-acid signature that confers resistance to neutralizing antibodies; a similar mechanism of immune escape is shown to operate in HIV and may explain the limited efficacy seen in HIV vaccine trials.
doi: 10.1038/nature12893
免疫：HIV-1感染ではピロトーシスによる細胞死がCD4 T細胞枯渇を促進する
Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection p.509
Quiescent CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues are shown to die after HIV-1 infection by caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death; caspase 1 inhibitors, which are safe for human use, can rescue the cell death in vitro raising the possibility of new therapeutics targeting the host instead of the virus.
doi: 10.1038/nature12940
構造生物学：哺乳類ミトコンドリアリボソームの大サブユニットの構造
Architecture of the large subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome p.515
Cryo-electron microscopy combined with chemical crosslinking and mass spectrometry is used to determine the structure of the large subunit of the mammalian mitoribosome; this structure provides detailed structural insight, particularly of the molecular architecture of the polypeptide exit site, which has been structurally remodelled during evolution, presumably to help facilitate the membrane insertion of the highly hydrophobic proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome.
doi: 10.1038/nature12890
Letters
宇宙：三重星系におけるミリ秒パルサー
A millisecond pulsar in a stellar triple system p.520
Precision timing and multiwavelength observations of a millisecond pulsar in a triple system show that the gravitational interactions between the bodies are strong; this allows the mass of each body to be determined accurately and means that the triple system will provide precise tests of the strong equivalence principle of general relativity.
doi: 10.1038/nature12917
宇宙：準惑星(1)ケレス表面にある局在化した水蒸気発生源
Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres p.525
The largest asteroid of the Solar System, (1) Ceres, has been thought to have an icy surface; here it is observed to be emitting water vapour.
doi: 10.1038/nature12918
量子エレクトロニクス：グラフェン量子スピンホール状態における可変な対称性の破れとヘリカルエッジ輸送
Tunable symmetry breaking and helical edge transport in a graphene quantum spin Hall state p.528
Applying a very large magnetic field to charge-neutral monolayer graphene produces a symmetry-protected quantum spin Hall state with helical edge states whose properties can be modulated by balancing the applied field against an intrinsic antiferromagnetic instability.
doi: 10.1038/nature12800
材料：2層グラフェンにおける転位
Dislocations in bilayer graphene p.533
Basal-plane dislocations, identified as fundamental defects in bilayer graphene by transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulations, reveal striking size effects, most notably a pronounced buckling of the graphene membrane, which drastically alters the strain state and is of key importance for the material’s mechanical and electronic properties.
doi: 10.1038/nature12780
気候：北大西洋と熱帯大西洋がもたらす南極半島と海氷への影響
Impacts of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean on the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice p.538
Warming of the north and tropical Atlantic Ocean, which is associated in part with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (a leading mode of sea surface temperature variability), is shown to affect sea-level pressure in the Amundsen Sea, explaining the accelerated warming of and sea-ice redistribution around the Antarctic Peninsula.
doi: 10.1038/nature12945
生態：菌根が介在する植物と分解者との競争が土壌炭素の貯蔵を促進する
Mycorrhiza-mediated competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage p.543
Ecosystem mycorrhizal type is shown to have a stronger effect on soil carbon storage than temperature, precipitation, clay content and primary production; ecosystems dominated by ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi contain 70% more soil carbon per unit nitrogen than do ecosystems dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
doi: 10.1038/nature12901
作物学：近年新しく栽培化された作物テンサイのゲノム
The genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) OPEN p.546
A full genome sequence is presented of sugar beet Beta vulgarism, the first plant belonging to Caryophyllales to have its genome sequenced; spinach was sequenced to enable inter-clade comparisons, and intraspecific variation was analysed by comparative genomics of a progenitor of all beet crops and additional sugar beet accessions.
doi: 10.1038/nature12817
神経科学：ホスホリパーゼD3遺伝子のまれなコーディング変異がアルツハイマー病のリスクとなる
Rare coding variants in the phospholipase D3 gene confer risk for Alzheimer’s disease p.550
Whole-exome sequencing reveals that a rare variant of phospholipase D3 (PLD3(V232M)) segregates with Alzheimer’s disease status in two independent families and doubles risk for the disease in case–control series, and that several other PLD3 variants increase risk for Alzheimer’s disease in African Americans and people of European descent.
doi: 10.1038/nature12825
細胞：エストロゲンは雌で、また妊娠中に造血幹細胞の自己複製を増加させる
Oestrogen increases haematopoietic stem-cell self-renewal in females and during pregnancy p.555
Haematopoietic stem cells are found to be regulated differently in male and female mice — haematopoietic stem cells in females divide more frequently than in males in response to oestrogen and this difference depends on the ovaries but not the testes; using a genetic approach, it is shown that the effect is dependent on expression of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) in stem cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature12932
微生物学：食餌は、ヒトの腸内微生物叢を迅速に高い再現性をもって変化させる
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome p.559
Consuming diets rich in plant versus animal products changes the microbes found in the human gut within days, with important implications for our health and evolution.
doi: 10.1038/nature12820
分子生物学：ヒストンH2A中のグルタミンメチル化はRNAポリメラーゼIのためだけの修飾である
Glutamine methylation in histone H2A is an RNA-polymerase-I-dedicated modification p.564
A description of a new histone modification, methylation of glutamine, on histone H2A in yeast and human cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature12819
構造生物学：胆汁酸輸送体における交互アクセス機構の構造基盤
Structural basis of the alternating-access mechanism in a bile acid transporter p.569
Inhibitors of the bile acid transporter ASBT may be useful therapeutics for treating hypercholesterolaemia and type 2 diabetes; here, two X-ray crystal structures of an ASBT homologue from Yersinia frederiksenii are solved.
doi: 10.1038/nature12811
