エジプトの軍事政権の下で、人権が抑圧され、科学の自由が脅かされている。
Academic freedom under threat p.5
The human rights of academics in Egypt are being eroded by the military regime that has taken control of the country. The Arab Spring is on hold.
doi: 10.1038/511005a
The human rights of academics in Egypt are being eroded by the military regime that has taken control of the country. The Arab Spring is on hold.
doi: 10.1038/511005a
Two retractions highlight long-standing issues of trust and sloppiness that must be addressed.
doi: 10.1038/511005b
As the centenary of its outbreak approaches, Nature looks back on the First World War.
doi: 10.1038/511006a
US funding agency disagreed with university's assessment of potential threats.
doi: 10.1038/511013a
Research-agency staff protest over slashed spending and concerns about country's future research capability.
doi: 10.1038/511014a
Legal challenge to transgenic crops has created a rift in the country's scientific community.
doi: 10.1038/511016a
Industry and academia invest in treating diseases by delivering electrical charges to nerves.
doi: 10.1038/511018a
幹細胞研究の推進を目指して米国カリフォルニア州が助成してきた再生医療研究所（CIRM）は、そろそろ結果を出すことが求められている。
doi: 10.1038/511019a
太陽系とは全く違った天体系が次々に発見され、惑星の誕生に関しても、これまでとは違った新しい理論が求められている。
doi: 10.1038/511022a
哺乳類の適応した四肢の発生の比較から、指の減少に至る道は多数あることが明らかになり、初期のパターン形成事象も進化的改変の対象として例外ではないことが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13509
2つの超大質量ブラックホールが緊密な対を作っていると重力波が放出されることが予想され、この重力波は宇宙を探索する新しい手段となると考えられる。今回、3つのブラックホールからなる珍しい三重星系の中に比較的緊密な対が見つかった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13511
LptD–LptEタンパク質複合体の2つの結晶構造から、細胞壁の成分であるリポ多糖が細菌外膜の外葉に運ばれて、そこに挿入される仕組みが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13508
地球温暖化は、一部の地域での気候変数をこれまで経てきた変動範囲を越えたところに押しやり、おそらくそれはそのまま固定すると見積もられている。再評価の1つで、こうした変化が最近推定されたより早く始まるか、それとも遅く始まるかが明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/511038a
免疫を調節する3種類の分子、つまりI型インターフェロン、インターロイキン1とプロスタグランジンE2の間の相互作用を明らかにする研究は、結核菌感染の転帰がばらつくことを説明する助けとなりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/nature13512
A study of limb development in multiple mammals reveals that evolutionary digit loss has occured in many different ways—at different stages and by different mechanisms, such as regulation of Shh in initial digit specification events or by removal of digits through cell death.
doi: 10.1038/nature13496
The basic five-digit limb of tetrapods has been altered many times during evolution, usually by the progressive loss of digits — this study tracks the molecular underpinnings of this change, showing that in comparison to mouse, the polarized gene expression in the bovine limb bud is progressively lost due to evolutionary alteration of the cis-regulatory sequences that control Ptch1 expression in response to SHH signalling in the digit-forming handplate.
doi: 10.1038/nature13289
Lipopolysaccharide, an essential component of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, is inserted by LptD–LptE, a protein complex with a unique ‘barrel and plug’ architecture; the structure, molecular dynamics simulations and functional assays of the LptD–LptE complex of Salmonella typhimurium suggest that lipopolysaccharide may pass through the barrel and is then inserted into the outer leaflet of the outer membrane through a lateral opening between two β-strands of LptD.
doi: 10.1038/nature13464
A triple supermassive black hole system has been found that shows helical modulation of the large-scale radio jets; this modulation is caused by two of the black holes being tightly coupled as a binary system.
doi: 10.1038/nature13454
Quantum oscillation measurements in the underdoped copper oxide YBa2Cu3O6 + x reveal a nodal electronic structure from charge order, which helps to characterize the normal state out of which superconductivity emerges in the underdoped regime.
doi: 10.1038/nature13326
Multiple-quantum-well semiconductors can provide one of the largest known nonlinear material responses, which is, however, geometrically limited to light beams polarized perpendicular to the semiconductor layers; by coupling a plasmonic metasurface to the semiconductor heterostructure, this limitation can be lifted, opening a new path towards ultrathin planarized components with large nonlinear response.
doi: 10.1038/nature13455
A simply prepared quantum bit that is a hybrid of spin and charge enables full control on the Bloch sphere with π-rotation times of less than 100 picoseconds in two orthogonal directions; the speed arises from the charge-like characteristics, and the spin-like features result in increased quantum coherence.
doi: 10.1038/nature13407
Analysis of radiocarbon and uranium-series dates and clumped isotope temperature estimates from water column profiles of fossil deep-sea corals in the North Atlantic shows that the release of heat from warm waters in the deep North Atlantic Ocean probably triggered the Bølling–Allerød warming and reinvigoration of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 14,700 years ago.
doi: 10.1038/nature13472
A new specimen of Archaeopteryx with extensive pennaceous feather preservation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13467
Two species may be fully reproductively isolated at the point they meet, but be connected by continuous gene flow by a longer route around the back of a geographical barrier; such a ring species complex exists for the greenish warbler, and genomics shows that there have been several historical breaks in gene flow along the continuum, as well as some introgression between the end forms.
doi: 10.1038/nature13285
The ubiquitin ligase RLIM is known to activate the long non-coding RNA Xist, which is crucial for X-chromosome inactivation in female mice; however, unlike imprinted X-chromosome inactivation that requires RLIM for Xist expression, evidence is now provided that during random X-chromosome inactivation Xist expression is regulated by an RLIM-independent pathway in vivo.
doi: 10.1038/nature13286
A new mechanism by which acute myeloid leukaemia patients become resistant to Ara-C and a newer treatment, ribavirin, is uncovered; these drugs can be glucuronidated and thereby inactivated by members of the UDP glucuronosyltransferase family of enzymes activated through GLI1 signalling.
doi: 10.1038/nature13283
The discovery of a selective, physiologically active inhibitor of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) illuminates the therapeutic potential of IDE inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes and reveals that IDE regulates in vivo glucagon and amylin, in addition to insulin.
doi: 10.1038/nature13297
Active tuberculosis has been linked to excessive type I interferon induction whereas interleukin-1 may have protective effects; here it is shown that interleukin-1 enhances the production of prostaglandin E2, which helps contain the pathogen while also suppressing detrimental type I interferon.
doi: 10.1038/nature13489
Using a phylogenetic approach, the protein archease is identified as being a subunit of the human transfer RNA splicing ligase, and found to be necessary for full ligase activity, in cooperation with DDX1.
doi: 10.1038/nature13284
Lipopolysaccharide, an essential component of the Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane, is inserted by LptD–LptE, a protein complex with a unique ‘barrel and plug’ architecture; the structure of the LptD–LptE complex of Shigella flexneri determined here shows LptD forming a 26-stranded β-barrel with LptE located inside the barrel of LptD, the first two β-strands are distorted by two proline residues, creating a potential portal in the barrel wall that might allow lateral diffusion of lipopolysaccharide into the outer membrane.
doi: 10.1038/nature13484
