有機エレクトロニクスは、電子デバイスの世界を大きく変革する可能性を秘めている。
Plastic fantastic p.379
A resurgence in organic technology is set to transform the world of electronic devices, offering a way to give the very fabric of life enhanced functionality.
doi: 10.1038/499379a
Volume 499 Number 7459
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: スーパーウィンドの構造：これまでにない詳しさでマッピングされたスターバースト銀河NGC 253
物理: 超流動フェルミ気体におけるソリトン
微生物学: 培養されたことがない微生物のゲノミクス
構造生物学: 2つのクラスBヒトGPCR受容体
地球化学: 火星隕石の年代の食い違いを解決
材料科学: 羽のように軽く壊れにくいプラスチック電子デバイス
進化: 絶滅が危惧される大型類人猿の遺伝的全体像
細胞: 肝芽の誘導で臓器再生へ一歩前進
医学: 骨腫瘍の前駆細胞
医学: H7N9鳥インフルエンザウイルス分離株を調べる
目次
Editorials
抗生物質耐性と闘うために、研究者は、問題を深刻に受け止める理解者を増やす努力を強化すべきだ。
Antibiotic threat p.379
In the fight to combat antibiotic resistance, researchers should strengthen their advocacy.
doi: 10.1038/499379b
News
モンサント社が、ヨーロッパでの遺伝子組換え（GM）作物の申請を断念へ。
Monsanto drops GM in Europe p.387
Region abandoned owing to stalled approval process.
doi: 10.1038/499387a
致死性のブタ流行性下痢ウイルスが、バイオセキュリティーの監視網をかいくぐって米国に侵入し、拡大へ。
Deadly pig virus slips through US borders p.388
Researchers race to track spread of coronavirus.
doi: 10.1038/499388a
間葉系幹細胞の定義の明確化をめぐって、科学者の間に意見の対立が。
Stricter standards sought to curb stem-cell confusion p.389
Initiative aims to clarify description of mesenchymal cells.
doi: 10.1038/499389a
超小型胚様幹細胞（VSEL）の存在に疑問を投げかける論文が次々と。
Doubt cast over tiny stem cells p.390
Studies refute the existence of very small embryonic-like cells endorsed by the Vatican.
doi: 10.1038/499390a
米国の物理学者たちが、ニュートリノ実験にサイクロトロンを再活用しようという望みを。
Cyclotrons come full circle p.391
US physicists hope to rejuvenate a classic technology to support key neutrino experiments.
doi: 10.1038/499391a
中国で、脅威となっている外来イネ科植物スパルティナの駆除計画が、湿地の生態系を乱すとして不認可に。
China’s cordgrass plan is ‘overkill’ p.392
Experts say Shanghai sea wall will cripple wetland habitat.
doi: 10.1038/499392a
News Features
抗生物質耐性：最後の砦
Antibiotic resistance: The last resort p.394
頼みの綱の1つであるカルバペネム系抗生物質に対する耐性菌の増加に、公衆衛生当局は強い懸念を抱いている。
doi: 10.1038/499394a
MRSA：トラブルを飼育
MRSA: Farming up trouble p.398
家畜への抗生物質投与が、ヒトの薬剤耐性菌のまん延を招いている恐れがある。
doi: 10.1038/499398a
News & Views
インフルエンザ：ヒトに適応する道
Influenza: Pathways to human adaptation p.412
鳥H7N9インフルエンザのヒトでの流行が報道されたのは2013年初頭である。ウイルスの構造研究と感染機構の研究は、このようなウイルスが新規な種に感染し、その種内で伝播するような適応を可能とする仕組みを明らかにするのに役立つ。
doi: 10.1038/nature12455
物性物理学：暗くて重い
Condensed-matter physics: Dark and heavy p.413
媒体の分散と非線形的性質が密接に関係しているように見える場合には、ソリトンと呼ばれる、粒子に似た存在が形成され得る。今回、このようなソリトンが強く相互作用するフェルミ原子の気体中で観測された。
doi: 10.1038/nature12454
細胞生物学：骨の中にある腫瘍幹細胞
Cell biology: Tumour stem cells in bone p.414
シグナル伝達分子SHP2の活性化は、数種のがんの進行に関わっている。だが、新たに見つかった骨前駆細胞種では、SHP2は腫瘍抑制因子として働いているようだ。
doi: 10.1038/nature12412
宇宙物理学：銀河風を捉える方法
Astrophysics: How to catch a galactic wind p.416
チリのアタカマ砂漠に建設されたアタカマ大型ミリ波干渉計（ALMA）による観測から、近傍にあるスターバースト銀河から吹き出している風の低温分子相の性質が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/499416a
構造生物学：Bファミリーの登場
Structural biology: Meet the B family p.417
クラスBに属するGタンパク質共役受容体の結晶構造が初めて明らかにされた。この構造から分かった受容体の特性は、骨粗鬆症から糖尿病に至る多様な疾病の治療薬開発戦略に情報を与えることになるだろう。
doi: 10.1038/nature12413
Perspective
材料科学：ファンデルワールスヘテロ構造
Van der Waals heterostructures p.419
Fabrication techniques developed for graphene research allow the disassembly of many layered crystals (so-called van der Waals materials) into individual atomic planes and their reassembly into designer heterostructures, which reveal new properties and phenomena.
doi: 10.1038/nature12385
Articles
物理：フェルミ超流動体における重いソリトン
Heavy solitons in a fermionic superfluid p.426
Solitons — solitary waves that maintain their shape as they propagate — in a strongly interacting superfluid of fermionic lithium atoms are found to have an effective mass more than 50 times larger than the theoretically predicted value, a sign of strong quantum fluctuations.
doi: 10.1038/nature12338
微生物学：微生物ダークマターの系統発生とコード化能力に関する手がかり
Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter OPEN p.431
Uncultivated archaeal and bacterial cells of major uncharted branches of the tree of life are targeted and sequenced using single-cell genomics; this enables resolution of many intra- and inter-phylum-level relationships, uncovers unexpected metabolic features that challenge established boundaries between the three domains of life, and leads to the proposal of two new superphyla.
doi: 10.1038/nature12352
構造生物学：クラスBのGPCRである1型副腎皮質刺激ホルモン放出因子受容体の構造
Structure of class B GPCR corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 p.438
Approximately 30% of known drugs target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but all the published structures of GPCRs to date are from the class A family of GPCRs; here the first X-ray crystal structure of a member of the class B family of GPCRs, the human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1, is determined.
doi: 10.1038/nature12357
構造生物学：クラスBのGタンパク質共役受容体であるヒト・グルカゴン受容体の構造
Structure of the human glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor p.444
The X-ray crystal structure of the human glucagon receptor, a potential drug target for type 2 diabetes, offers a structural basis for molecular recognition by class B G-protein-coupled receptors.
doi: 10.1038/nature12393
Letters
宇宙：爆発的星形成に引き起こされる分子風による銀河NGC 253にける星形成の抑制
Suppression of star formation in the galaxy NGC 253 by a starburst-driven molecular wind p.450
Observations of the galaxy NGC 253 show that the cool molecular wind from the central starburst region limits star-formation activity and the final stellar content.
doi: 10.1038/nature12351
地球化学：微小なバッデレイ石と放出中に生じたジルコンを使った火星隕石年代問題の解決
Solving the Martian meteorite age conundrum using micro-baddeleyite and launch-generated zircon p.454
The age of the representative Martian meteorite NWA 5298 is determined using spatially correlated electron-beam nanostructural and uranium–lead isotopic measurements of microminerals, resolving a paradox of different age interpretations for the evolution of Martian crust.
doi: 10.1038/nature12341
材料科学：存在を感じさせない超軽量プラスチック電子デバイス設計
An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics p.458
Electronic sensor foils only 2 μm thick are extremely light, 27-fold lighter than office paper, durable and flexible and conform to curvilinear surfaces for many innovative applications.
doi: 10.1038/nature12314
気候：北大西洋における数十年の時間スケールでの表面熱流束の制御
North Atlantic Ocean control on surface heat flux on multidecadal timescales p.464
Long-term time series of surface ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes show that the mid-latitude North Atlantic ocean may influence atmospheric variability on multidecadal timescales.
doi: 10.1038/nature12268
生態：生態系ネットワークでは機能的絶滅が高頻度に起こっている
High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks p.468
A modelling study of the mechanisms of extinction within ecological networks reveals how even a small reduction in the population size of a species may lead to the loss of its ecological functionality—that is, to its functional extinction—by causing extinction of other organisms in the food web, often only indirectly connected to the focal species, revealing the value of conservation strategies that target a broader ecological network.
doi: 10.1038/nature12277
進化：大型類人猿の遺伝的多様性と集団の歴史
Great ape genetic diversity and population history OPEN p.471
High-coverage sequencing of 79 (wild and captive) individuals representing all six non-human great ape species has identified over 88 million single nucleotide polymorphisms providing insight into ape genetic variation and evolutionary history and enabling comparison with human genetic diversity.
doi: 10.1038/nature12228
神経科学：注意は神経回路内でシナプス効率と信号雑音比を増強する
Attention enhances synaptic efficacy and the signal-to-noise ratio in neural circuits p.476
In monkeys performing a visual spatial attention task, stimulation of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and recording of shock-evoked responses from monosynaptically connected primary-visual-cortex neurons shows that attention enhances neuronal communication by increasing the efficacy of presynaptic input, increasing synchronous responses, and by decreasing redundant signals.
doi: 10.1038/nature12276
細胞：iPS細胞由来臓器原基の移植により血管網を持つ機能的なヒト肝臓を誘導
Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant p.481
Vascularized, functional human liver is generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by transplantation of liver buds created in vitro (iPSC-LBs); hepatic cells self-organized into three-dimensional iPSC-LBs, and human vasculatures in iPSC-LB transplants became functional by connecting to host vessels, stimulating maturation of iPSC-LBs into tissue resembling adult liver and performing liver-specific functions.
doi: 10.1038/nature12271
免疫：mTORC1は免疫シグナルと代謝プログラムを連結することによりTreg細胞機能を確立する
mTORC1 couples immune signals and metabolic programming to establish Treg-cell function p.485
Here, mTORC1-dependent lipogenic programming is shown to be important for regulatory T-cell function, in part through the upregulation of the effector molecules CTLA4 and ICOS.
doi: 10.1038/nature12297
医学：新たに見つかった前駆細胞におけるPtpn11の欠失はhedgehogシグナル伝達の誘導によりメタコンドロマトーシスを引き起こす
Ptpn11 deletion in a novel progenitor causes metachondromatosis by inducing hedgehog signalling p.491
Deletion of Ptpn11 in a newly defined mesenchymal progenitor population in the perichondral groove of Ranvier leads to metachondromatosis by increasing Indian hedgehog expression and activating hedgehog signalling, a process that can be reversed with the use of hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
doi: 10.1038/nature12396
医学：ヒトから分離されたH7N9インフルエンザウイルスの受容体への結合
Receptor binding by an H7N9 influenza virus from humans p.496
An examination of the receptor-binding properties of the H7N9 virus, which has recently emerged in China, shows that the virus has acquired the ability to bind the human α-2,6-linked sialic acid receptor while retaining binding to the avian α-2,3-linked receptor, and therefore does not have the preference for human versus avian receptors characteristic of pandemic viruses.
doi: 10.1038/nature12372
医学：新型鳥インフルエンザA（H7N9）ウイルスの生物学的特徴
Biological features of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus p.500
An initial characterization of the receptor-binding properties of the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) shows that the virus has acquired the ability to bind human receptors while retaining the ability to bind avian receptors; the virus infects epithelial cells in the human lower respiratory tract and type II pneumocytes in the alveoli, and hypercytokinaemia was seen in infected patients.
doi: 10.1038/nature12379
