After 25 years of divisive debate, the governments of the world unite in Paris to fight global warming. But the hard work must start now.
doi: 10.1038/528307a
The EU should decide definitively whether gene-edited plants are covered by GM laws.
doi: 10.1038/528307b
The German research community can benefit from the influx of migrants.
doi: 10.1038/528308a
Agreement forged in Paris aims to hold warming ‘well below’ 2 °C.
doi: 10.1038/528315a
Debate surrounds relative importance of environmental and intrinsic factors.
doi: 10.1038/528317a
Negotiations between South Korea and China to demarcate boundary could aid research.
doi: 10.1038/528318a
Scientists frustrated at delay in deciding if GM regulations apply to precision gene editing.
doi: 10.1038/528319a
Social scientists launch integration studies and warn of need to counter rising xenophobia.
doi: 10.1038/528320a
世の中には、科学を妨げたり、人々に悪影響を及ぼしたりする見当違いの思い込みや希望的観測が数多く存在しており、こうした例をいくつか紹介する。
doi: 10.1038/528322a
大気中窒素の沈着が原因の土壌汚染は生物多様性に対する大きな脅威となっている。英国で160年間続けられてきたパークグラス実験は、この脅威について独自の証拠を提供するとともに、窒素量の減少が多様性回復にどのようにつながるのかを明らかにしている。
doi: 10.1038/nature16320
量子粒子の制御は種類の異なるイオンをエンタングルさせる、つまり非古典的なやり方で相関させることができるまでに進展した。これは、新規な量子技術開発の機会をもたらすものである。
doi: 10.1038/528337a
同一の神経回路に対して行われた一過性の操作と結果が永続する操作では、結果として生じる行動変化が異なることがあるという知見は、こうした回路の解析を行う最良の方法はどういうものかという新たな疑問を投じることになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature16323
シロイヌナズナ（Arabidopsis）の葉と根に生息している細菌の大規模培養とゲノム塩基配列解読によって、微生物群集が構築され、機能するようになる過程を調べる道が開けてきた。
doi: 10.1038/nature16319
航空写真、リモートセンシング観測と地質学的証拠を組み合わせて、グリーンランド氷床で1900年以降に起こっている質量損失の状況が再構築された。これは気候科学研究者にとって非常に重要な情報資源となる。
doi: 10.1038/528341a
哺乳類Y染色体上にあるSRY遺伝子が精巣の発生を推進することの発見は、性決定の遺伝学的基盤と進化の解明という長年にわたって行われてきた探求における転換点となった。
doi: 10.1038/528343a
The fossil record provides a nuanced view of ecosystem collapse over intervals of mass extinction, with abundant, biomineralizing and widespread species preferentially preserved; here the authors collate evidence for ‘mass rarity’ during these intervals, and suggest that the increasing rarity of modern species, rather than their outright extinction, may be a better metric for comparing the current biodiversity crisis to the ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions in the Earth’s history.
doi: 10.1038/nature16160
Neural sequences recorded from the vocal premotor area HVC in juvenile birds learning song ‘syllables’ show ‘prototype’ syllables forming early, with multiple new highly divergent neural sequences emerging from this precursor syllable as learning progresses.
doi: 10.1038/nature15741
Transient manipulation of neural activity is widely used to probe the function of specific circuits, yet such targeted perturbations could also have indirect effects on downstream circuits that implement separate and independent functions; a study to test this reveals that transient perturbations of specific circuits in mammals and songbirds severely impair learned skills that recover spontaneously after permanent lesions of the same brain areas.
doi: 10.1038/nature16442
The microbiota of the rhizosphere (roots) and phyllosphere (leaves) of healthy plants consist of taxonomically structured bacterial communities; here the majority of species representing the main bacterial phyla from these two organs were isolated and genomes of about 400 representative bacteria were sequenced; the resources of cultured bacteria, corresponding genomes and a gnotobiotic plant system enabled an examination of the taxonomic overlap and functional specialization between the rhizosphere and phyllosphere bacterial microbiota.
doi: 10.1038/nature16192
The authors define molecular mechanisms by which distinct domains of the ubiquitin editing enzyme A20 contribute to the regulation of inflammation and cell death.
doi: 10.1038/nature16165
Global, three-dimensional simulations of rapidly rotating massive stars show that turbulence driven by magnetohydrodynamic instability is a promising mechanism for the formation of pulsars and magnetars, the latter potentially powering hyperenergetic and superluminous supernovae.
doi: 10.1038/nature15755
Harnessing the entanglement of different ionic species could bring new flexibility in quantum computing, and now two groups independently demonstrate entanglement between different atomic species; Tan et al. achieve entanglement between different elements, whereas the related paper by Ballance et al. shows entanglement between different atomic isotopes, together demonstrating a first step towards mixed-species quantum logic.
doi: 10.1038/nature16186
Harnessing the entanglement of different ionic species could bring new flexibility in quantum computing, and now two groups independently demonstrate entanglement between different atomic species; Ballance et al. achieve entanglement between different atomic isotopes, whereas the related paper by Tan et al. shows entanglement between different elements, together demonstrating a first step towards mixed-species quantum logic.
doi: 10.1038/nature16184
Nanoscale radiative heat transfer between both dielectric and metal surfaces separated by gaps as small as two nanometres is characterized by large gap-dependent heat transfer enhancements that are accurately modelled by the theoretical framework of fluctuational electrodynamics and has important implications for technological design.
doi: 10.1038/nature16070
A mechanism for the repression of homologous recombination in G1, the stage of the cell cycle preceding replication, is determined; the critical aspects are the interaction between BRCA1 and PALB2–BRCA2, and suppression of DNA-end resection.
doi: 10.1038/nature16189
Aerial imagery from the 1980s is used to calculate ice mass loss around the entire Greenland Ice Sheet from 1900 to the present; during the twentieth century the Greenland Ice Sheet contributed at least 25.0 ± 9.4 millimetres of global-mean sea level rise.
doi: 10.1038/nature16183
Data from the long-running Park Grass Experiment is used to show that grassland biodiversity is recovering since UK atmospheric nitrogen levels started to decline 25 years ago in all but the most acidic soils.
doi: 10.1038/nature16444
Age at maturity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is governed to a substantial extent by a locus showing dominance reversal, providing a resolution for sexual conflict in this trait, for which selection favours different ages in the two sexes.
doi: 10.1038/nature16062
The identification of an enzymatic system repairing proteins containing oxidized methionine in the bacterial cell envelope, a compartment particularly susceptible to oxidative damage by host defence mechanisms.
doi: 10.1038/nature15764
Neutrophils are shown to have a role in driving the metastasis of breast cancer cells to the lung, with neutrophil-derived leukotrienes promoting metastatic initiation in the lung by expanding the sub-pool of cancer cells with high tumorigenic potential.
doi: 10.1038/nature16140
A causal variant is identified at the LMO1 oncogene locus that drives the genetic association of LMO1 with neuroblastoma susceptibility; the causal SNP disrupts a GATA transcription factor binding site within a tissue-specific super-enhancer element in the first intron of LMO1, thereby affecting LMO1 expression.
doi: 10.1038/nature15540
A mechanism for the repression of homologous recombination in G1, the stage of the cell cycle preceding replication, is determined; the critical aspects are the interaction between BRCA1 and PALB2–BRCA2, and suppression of DNA-end resection.
doi: 10.1038/nature16142
