量子重ね合わせが、日常生活の距離と時間スケールでも実現可能と実証されたことは、驚くべき進展だ。
Quantum leap p.435
Physicists can better study the quantum behaviour of objects on the atomic scale.
doi: 10.1038/528435b
Physicists can better study the quantum behaviour of objects on the atomic scale.
doi: 10.1038/528435b
The European Union has set a worrying trend by ignoring scientific advice on overfishing. It must put long-term sustainability plans ahead of short-term political gains.
doi: 10.1038/528435a
Nature digs into the rumours about the effect of festive illuminations on wireless fidelity.
doi: 10.1038/528436a
Monkey King is first in a line of Chinese space missions focused on scientific discovery.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.19059
Researchers have big hopes for Kirsty Duncan, the country’s newly appointed scientist-turned-science minister.
doi: 10.1038/528445a
String theory is at the heart of a debate over the integrity of the scientific method itself.
doi: 10.1038/528446a
Late spending bill gives the NIH and several other research agencies healthy increases.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.19057
Gene-editing, climate change and Pluto are among the year’s top stories.
doi: 10.1038/528448a
From Pluto to viral structures, this year produced an array of dazzling pictures.
doi: 10.1038/528452a
今年の科学を大きく動かしたのはどのような人たちだろうか。
doi: 10.1038/528459a
オートファジーという細胞過程は結核菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）を殺すのに役立つと考えられてきた。だが今回、オートファジー関連遺伝子のAtg5は宿主免疫にとって重要だが、これ以外のオートファジー遺伝子は結核の転帰に影響しないことが明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/nature16324
マイクロプロセッサーによる情報交換は今回、シリコンでのエレクトロニクスとフォトニクスの集積に成功したことで大きく進展した。これは、電力消費が少なく、効率の良いコンピューターシステムへの第一歩である。
doi: 10.1038/528483a
複雑な多次元データに機械学習を適用することで、血糖値を制御するために推奨されるお勧め食品を個人ごとに予測できることが今回示された。これは、腸のマイクロバイオームを個別化医療に組み込む第一歩となる。
doi: 10.1038/528484a
マグネシウム合金中にナノスケール粒子を均一に分散させると、記録破りの強度を持つ複合材料が得られることが分かった。このことから、マグネシウムを構造用の軽量金属として使用できる見込みが出てきた。
doi: 10.1038/528486a
アンモニアを完全に酸化して硝酸にすることができる微生物が見つかった。この結果は、硝化過程には2種類の微生物の活性を必要とするという、100年も前からの説を否定するものだ。
doi: 10.1038/528487a
3型自然リンパ球と呼ばれる自然免疫細胞は腸幹細胞に直接シグナルを送って、腸内表面を覆う上皮細胞が損傷を受けた場合に他の細胞で置換するのを助けていることが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/nature16325
今年度掲載されたNews & Viewsの中から編集部が精選した記事の抜粋。
doi: 10.1038/528490a
Network analysis to determine the maximally bridged ring (or rings) of molecules is used as part of a strategy for the syntheses of architecturally complex natural chemicals; this strategy is demonstrated via the synthesis of the diterpenoid alkaloids weisaconitine D and liljestrandinine.
doi: 10.1038/nature16440
The first genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, based on data from 230 West Eurasians dating between to 6500 and 300 BC and including new data from 163 individuals among which are 26 Neolithic Anatolians, provides a direct view of selection on loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity.
doi: 10.1038/nature16152
Until now, the oxidation steps necessary for complete nitrification have always been observed to occur in two separate microorganisms in a cross-feeding interaction; here, together with the study by van Kessel et al., Daims et al. report the enrichment and characterization of Nitrospira species that encode all of the enzymes necessary to catalyse complete nitrification, a phenotype referred to as 'comammox' (for complete ammonia oxidation).
doi: 10.1038/nature16461
A new deep proteomic analysis method is used to identify proteins that interact with wild-type cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and its mutant version that is the major cause of cystic fibrosis.
doi: 10.1038/nature15729
The ability of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 to interact with master transcription factor RORγt is dependent on binding of the long noncoding RNA Rmrp; the DDX5–RORγt complex coordinates transcription of selective TH17 genes and is required for the pathogenicity of TH17 cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature16193
Fast radio burst FRB 110523, discovered in archival data, reveals Faraday rotation and scattering that suggests dense magnetized plasma near the source; this means that to infer the source of the burst, models should involve young stellar populations such as magnetars.
doi: 10.1038/nature15769
Coronal mass ejections are driven by a sudden release of magnetic energy stored in flux ropes in the Sun’s corona, but when the ambient magnetic field that runs toroidally along an unstable flux rope is strong enough to prevent the flux rope from kinking, a dynamic magnetic tension force halts the eruption.
doi: 10.1038/nature16188
Matter-wave interferometers provide an opportunity to measure whether quantum superpositions exist at macroscopic length scales or only at microscopically small scales; now such instruments have demonstrated quantum interference of wave packets separated by 54 cm.
doi: 10.1038/nature16155
An electronic–photonic microprocessor chip manufactured using a conventional microelectronics foundry process is demonstrated; the chip contains 70 million transistors and 850 photonic components and directly uses light to communicate to other chips.
doi: 10.1038/nature16454
Magnesium is light but not very strong; here the addition of silicon carbide nanoparticles uniformly dispersed to 14 per cent by volume, achieved through a nanoparticle self-stabilization mechanism in a molten metal alloy, yields improved strength, stiffness, plasticity and high-temperature stability.
doi: 10.1038/nature16445
A textural examination of volcanic ash erupted from Santiaguito volcano in Guatemala coupled with an analysis of the geophysical signals indicates that rapid heating during fault friction can cause melting and vesiculation (development of bubbles) of hydrated silicic magma, thus strongly affecting magma strength and eruptive behaviour.
doi: 10.1038/nature16153
Despite substantial evidence that neonicotinoid pesticides can have negative effects on bees, there have been no reports that this leads to problems with pollination; here bumblebee colonies exposed to a neonicotinoid are shown to provide reduced pollination services to apple trees, leading to a reduction in seed number.
doi: 10.1038/nature16167
The discovery of embryos and their associated nutrient storage tissues in exceptionally well-preserved angiosperm seeds from the Early Cretaceous period.
doi: 10.1038/nature16441
Until now, the oxidation steps necessary for complete nitrification had always been observed to occur in two separate microorganisms in a cross-feeding interaction; here, together with the study by Daims et al., van Kessel et al. report the enrichment and characterization of Nitrospira species that encode all of the enzymes necessary to catalyse complete nitrification, a phenotype referred to as ‘comammox’ (for complete ammonia oxidation).
doi: 10.1038/nature16459
Innate lymphoid cells increase the growth of mouse intestinal organoids via IL-22 production; recombinant IL-22 promotes growth of both mouse and human organoids, and promotes mouse intestinal stem cell (ISC) expansion and ISC-driven organoid growth via a STAT3-dependent pathway and independently of Paneth cells; IL-22 treatment in vivo enhances the recovery of ISCs from intestinal injury.
doi: 10.1038/nature16460
Genetic engineering in mice reveals that autophagy is not an essential mechanism in myeloid cells for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and that autophagy factor ATG5 protects organisms by regulating neutrophil influx and tissue damage.
doi: 10.1038/nature16451
A gain-of-function effect of the cancer-associated rs351855 single-nucleotide polymorphism encoding the FGFR4 Arg388 allele in humans.
doi: 10.1038/nature16449
The relationship between DNA methylation and transcription factor binding was studied across the genome in mouse embryonic stem cells—the study reveals that the transcription factor NRF1 is methylation-sensitive and how physiological binding of NRF1 relies on local removal of DNA methylation.
doi: 10.1038/nature16462
In this study, 83 proteins containing helix–loop–helix–loop repeats were designed—with sequences unrelated to known repeat proteins—and experimentally characterized; 43 solution X-ray scattering spectra and 15 structures of the designed proteins show that these non-natural repeat proteins have a broad range of curvatures and that their overall structures are in close agreement with design models.
doi: 10.1038/nature16162
The development and validation of computational methods for geometry-guided de novo design of tandem repeat protein architectures.
doi: 10.1038/nature16191
