米国は、患者数の少ない小児がんの臨床試験を奨励し、法的にも支援する必要がある。
More support for clinical trials in children p.465
US lawmakers should give drug firms the confidence to test paediatric cancer therapies.
doi: 10.1038/535465b
US lawmakers should give drug firms the confidence to test paediatric cancer therapies.
doi: 10.1038/535465b
The European Research Council has begun to evaluate the impact of its grants; others should do the same.
doi: 10.1038/535465a
Nature and the Nature journals are diversifying their presentation of performance indicators.
doi: 10.1038/535466a
Presidential candidates begin to make clear their stark differences on climate change, energy production and stem-cell research.
doi: 10.1038/535473a
Astrobiologists debate which chemical signatures would hint at life on other worlds.
doi: 10.1038/535474a
Puzzling distribution of cases suggests Zika is not the only factor in reported microcephaly surge.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20309
Gene-editing technique to treat lung cancer is due to be tested in people in August.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20302
European Research Council embarks on an unusual evaluation that could inspire others.
doi: 10.1038/535477a
Craft due to launch in August is first in a wave of planned quantum space experiments.
doi: 10.1038/535478a
グリーンランドの氷冠がすぐにも溶けてしまうのかを知りたいと、研究者たちは古い写真やスケッチに過去の変遷の手掛かりを探している。
doi: 10.1038/535480a
ベルギーのある研究室が、遺伝学を駆使して、完璧なビール酵母作りを目指している。
doi: 10.1038/535484a
西洋音楽からずっと隔離されてきた「チマネ族」の人々は、音楽に対する知覚が西洋音楽を聞き慣れた人々とは異なっていることが分かった。これは音楽に対する選好性が生得的なものか、それとも文化的なものかという疑問を生じさせる結果である。
doi: 10.1038/nature18913
海洋の熱を再配分する強い海流は、これまでのコンピューターモデルでは例外なく過小評価されてきた。だが今回、大気と海洋の結合によって海洋の渦が弱くなるとするモデルによってこの問題を解決できることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/535497a
ミトコンドリアは独自のDNAを持っている。ミトコンドリアDNAの多様性が生理学的性質や寿命を変化させることが、今回マウスで明らかになった。これは進化生物学や病気の起源に関係してくる。
doi: 10.1038/nature18902
恒星の磁場を駆動している機構を調べる手段であるX線放射観測が、今回4つの低温星について行われ、太陽と恒星における磁場生成に関して広く受け入れられているモデルに疑問を投げ掛ける結果が得られた。
doi: 10.1038/535500a
我々の体に本来的に常在している細菌は、健康を支える多くの役割を担っている。今回、ヒトの鼻腔に常在している細菌が病原体に対して活性を示す抗生物質を産生していることが突き止められた。
doi: 10.1038/535501a
多能性幹細胞は体内のあらゆる種類の細胞に分化できる能力を備えている。マウス胚からのその単離と増殖は、ヒトの発生と病気の解明における極めて重要な進歩だった。
doi: 10.1038/535502a
Fast phasic signals in dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum occur during, and can induce, motor accelerations in mice, and these signals are transmitted by a largely distinct population of dopaminergic axons from those that signal reward.
doi: 10.1038/nature18942
The nasal commensal bacterium Staphylococcus lugdunensis produces a novel cyclic peptide antibiotic, lugdunin, that inhibits colonization by S. aureus in animal models and is associated with a significantly reduced S. aureus carriage rate in humans, suggesting that human commensal bacteria could be a valuable resource for the discovery of new antibiotics.
doi: 10.1038/nature18634
Structural studies show that the activity of the G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened is modulated by ligand-regulated interactions between its extracellular and transmembrane domains.
doi: 10.1038/nature18934
Simulations of dwarf galaxies that include photoelectric grain heating and supernovae indicate that the former is the dominant means by which these galaxies regulate their star formation rate, because the latter are unable to account for the observed large gas depletion times.
doi: 10.1038/nature18292
The relationship between the X-ray activity and rotation of a star is a well-established proxy for the behaviour of the stellar dynamo; observations of four fully convective stars for which this relationship is similar to that of solar-type stars imply that the same dynamo mechanism is at work despite their structural differences to the Sun.
doi: 10.1038/nature18638
Lattices of cubic building blocks that deform anisotropically and that are designed to fit together like a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle are 3D printed to create aperiodic, frustration-free, mechanical metamaterials; these metamaterials act as programmable shape-shifters and are able to perform pattern analysis.
doi: 10.1038/nature18960
In coupled climate model simulations the strength of major oceanic fronts associated with western boundary currents—tremendous conveyors of ocean heat towards the poles—is systematically underestimated, but this can be addressed by resolving not only ocean mesoscale eddies but, more importantly, their feedback with the atmosphere.
doi: 10.1038/nature18640
Rayleigh waves recorded with an ocean-bottom seismograph array in the central Pacific Ocean constrain the seismic anisotropy within the oceanic lithosphere–asthenosphere system: seafloor-spreading-induced lithospheric fabric generates the strongest anisotropy, while density- and/or pressure-driven flow produces a secondary peak in anisotropy at the base of the asthenosphere.
doi: 10.1038/nature18012
Invasion of a somite-derived cell population into the apical ectodermal ridge in zebrafish regulates apical fold induction during fin formation; ablation of these cells inhibits formation of the apical fold and increases the size of the underlying fin bud mesenchyme, suggesting that somite-derived cells play a key part in the evolutionary transition from fins to limbs.
doi: 10.1038/nature18953
A native Amazonian society rated consonant and dissonant chords and vocal harmonies as equally pleasant, whereas Bolivian city- and town-dwellers preferred consonance, indicating that preference for consonance over dissonance is not universal and probably develops from exposure to particular types of polyphonic music.
doi: 10.1038/nature18635
In a mouse model of ischaemia, mitochondrial particles released from astroctyes are taken up by adjacent neurons, leading to enhanced cell survival signalling; disruption of this release mechanism resulted in worsened neurological outcomes.
doi: 10.1038/nature18928
A phase IIa clinical trial shows that the administration of the broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117 delays viral rebound following the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in patients who were chronically infected with HIV-1.
doi: 10.1038/nature18929
Conplastic mice that share the same nuclear genome but have different mitochondrial DNA were analysed throughout their life — the mitochondrial genome affects many aspects of physiology and results in differences in median lifespan; the authors propose that the interplay of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may be an important factor influencing this phenomenon.
doi: 10.1038/nature18618
A combination of single-molecule techniques shows that the repair proteins XRCC4 and XLF form heteromeric mobile sleeve-like complexes that can bridge and hold together fragments of broken DNA.
doi: 10.1038/nature18643
A translation complex sequencing approach has been developed enabling intermediates of all mRNA-associated processes of translation to be isolated and localized across the transcriptome; the results support longstanding models of initiation and termination and offer new mechanistic insights.
doi: 10.1038/nature18647
An in-depth analysis of the structure, chromatin accessibility and expression status of the mouse inactive X (Xi) chromosome provides insights into the regulation of Xi chromosome structure, its dependence on the macrosatellite DXZ4 region, the Xist non-coding RNA, as well as the basis for topologically associating domain (TAD) formation on the Xi.
doi: 10.1038/nature18589
