科学者の研究への寄与を包括的にとらえ、明示するよう、改善を図る必要がある。
In search of credit p.5
Explicit recognition of researchers’ contributions to science is becoming more comprehensive. Not before time — especially as a means of crediting referees.
doi: 10.1038/493005a
Explicit recognition of researchers’ contributions to science is becoming more comprehensive. Not before time — especially as a means of crediting referees.
doi: 10.1038/493005a
International laboratory survey offers comfort — and caution.
doi: 10.1038/493005b
Questionnaire suggests researchers not as safe as they feel.
doi: 10.1038/493009a
Nature looks ahead to the key findings and events that may emerge in 2013.
doi: 10.1038/493011a
Losses of up to 9% show need for broader data on US gas industry’s environmental impact.
doi: 10.1038/493012a
Congress delays mandatory cuts to agencies.
doi: 10.1038/493013a
doi: 10.1038/493013b
世界は結核との闘いに勝利をおさめつつあったが、薬剤耐性菌が新たな脅威になり始めている。
doi: 10.1038/493014a
オーストラリアでエディアカラ紀の岩石中から見つかった化石は、これまで初期の海洋性生物のものだとされてきた。しかし、これらの岩石は実は化石化した土壌だと示唆する報告がある。では、このようなエディアカラ紀の生物の一部は実際には地衣類のような陸生生物だったのだろうか。古生物学者と地質学者がこうした証拠を慎重に検証している。
doi: 10.1038/nature11765
変形しうる粒子の充填挙動の詳細なシミュレーションから、ソフトマターは高密度になると従来とは異なる結晶構造をとりうるのかどうかという問題に対して、取りうるという答えが得られ、論争は結着した。そして今、実際の例を探す競争が始まっている。
doi: 10.1038/493030a
アンドロメダ銀河とその周辺の深部画像観測により、アンドロメダ銀河の周りを同じ方向に周回している衛星銀河群が形成する、広いが薄い平面構造が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/493031a
体の各部分の相対的なサイズは、生物の体のサイズとは関係なしに、一定に保たれている。実験モデルの1つは、脊椎動物では体節形成のサイズに依存した調整と遺伝子の周期的発現が起こっていることを明らかにしている。
doi: 10.1038/nature11849
細胞膜内のタンパク質の切断を行う酵素であるプレセニリンの機能異常は、アルツハイマー病につながることがある。微生物のプレセニリンの結晶構造から、この酵素ファミリーの働きについての手がかりが得られた。
doi: 10.1038/nature11768
全球的な温暖化の抑制にかかわるさまざまな要因は、それぞれどの程度の影響を及ぼすのだろうか。温度上昇を2°Cまでに制限する確率には、排出削減のタイミングが最も影響が大きいことが、1つの研究で明らかにされた。
doi: 10.1038/493035a
ナノスケールの画像化によって、微生物と菌類の酵素は、植物細胞壁を破壊する際の機序が異なることが明らかになった。この知見は、バイオマスからのバイオ液体燃料生産の効率を上げる方法についての手がかりとなるかもしれない。
doi: 10.1038/493036a
An explicit theoretical construction of a metallic non-Fermi liquid ground state opens a route to attack long-standing problems such as the ‘strange metal’ phase of high-temperature superconductors.
doi: 10.1038/nature11732
A framework for metagenomic variation analysis to explore variation in the human microbiome is developed; the study describes SNPs, short indels and structural variants in 252 faecal metagenomes of 207 individuals from Europe and North America.
doi: 10.1038/nature11711
A Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin targets cells expressing the chemokine receptor CCR5, a mechanism for the specificity of leukotoxins towards different immune cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature11724
Presenilin, the catalytic component of γ-secretase, cleaves amyloid precursor protein into short peptides that form the plaques that are found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease; here the structure of a presenilin homologue is described, which will serve as a framework for understanding the mechanisms of action of presenilin and γ-secretase.
doi: 10.1038/nature11801
About half of the satellites in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31), all with the same sense of rotation about their host, form a planar subgroup that is extremely wide but also very thin.
doi: 10.1038/nature11717
Two giant, linearly polarized radio lobes have been found emanating from the Galactic Centre, and are thought to originate in a biconical, star-formation-driven outflow from the Galaxy’s central 200 parsecs that transports a huge amount of magnetic energy, about 1055 ergs, into the Galactic halo
doi: 10.1038/nature11734
Exposing a fused silica sample to a strong, waveform-controlled, few-cycle optical field increases the dielectric’s optical conductivity by more than 18 orders of magnitude in less than 1 femtosecond, allowing electric currents to be driven, directed and switched by the instantaneous light field.
doi: 10.1038/nature11567
The ultrafast reversibility of changes to the electronic structure and electric polarizability of a dielectric with the electric field of a laser pulse, demonstrated here, offers the potential for petahertz-bandwidth optical signal manipulation.
doi: 10.1038/nature11720
Modelling that integrates the effects of uncertainties in relevant geophysical, technological, social and political factors on the cost of keeping transient global temperature increase to below certain limits shows that political choices have the greatest effect on the cost distribution.
doi: 10.1038/nature11787
The oxygen fugacity of the deepest rock samples from Earth’s mantle is found to be more oxidized than previously thought, with the result that carbon in the asthenospheric mantle will be hosted as graphite or diamond but will be oxidized to produce carbonate melt through the reduction of Fe3+ in silicate minerals during upwelling.
doi: 10.1038/nature11679
A new interpretation of fossilized soils (palaeosols) suggests that at least some Ediacaran (625–542 million years ago) organisms lived on land; thus these Ediacaran fossils were not animals, but a fungus-dominated terrestrial biota that predated vascular plants by about 100 million years.
doi: 10.1038/nature11777
Studying six vespertilionid bat species of different sizes to investigate the reason why smaller bats have higher frequency echolocation calls, a model is put forward that the size/frequency range is modulated by the need to maintain a focused, highly directional echolocation beam.
doi: 10.1038/nature11664
Visual responses during wakefulness are dominated by inhibition, and this inhibition shapes visual selectivity by restricting the temporal and spatial extent of neural activity.
doi: 10.1038/nature11665
An ex vivo primary culture assay is developed that recapitulates mouse embryonic mesodermal patterning and segment formation; using this approach, it is shown that oscillating gene activity is central to maintain stable proportions during development.
doi: 10.1038/nature11804
YAP has previously been identified as an oncogene that promotes cell growth, but now it is shown to restrict stem cell expansion during regeneration in the mouse intestine, suggesting that it may function as a tumour suppressor in colon cancer.
doi: 10.1038/nature11693
Calcium–lipid electrostatic interactions are shown to amplify the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ε and CD3ζ in T-cell antigen receptor complex.
doi: 10.1038/nature11699
Upregulation of gene transcription in stressed cells can lead to clashes between the transcription and repair machineries; here, a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), Hog1, is shown to coordinate these two processes in yeast.
doi: 10.1038/nature11675
DNA damage or replication stress induces the activation of checkpoint kinases, pausing the cell cycle so that DNA repair can take place; checkpoint activation must be regulated to prevent the cell-cycle arrest from persisting after damage is repaired, and now the Slx4–Rtt107 complex is shown to regulate checkpoint kinase activity by directly monitoring DNA-damage signalling.
doi: 10.1038/nature11658