Volume 497 Number 7449

Editorials

EUが提案しているデータ保護規則は、デジタル時代のプライバシー保護としては正しいが、例外を認めなければ医学研究を妨げる恐れがある。

Privacy in the digital age p.287

The proposed European Data Protection Regulation will rightly preserve people’s privacy — but, without exceptions for scientific research, it could hinder or prevent medical discoveries.

doi: 10.1038/497287a

研究者は、一般の人々に自分の研究を上手に伝える技術を学ぶ必要がある。

Science in schools p.287

The US National Center for Science Education teaches researchers how to fight for their cause.

doi: 10.1038/497287b

持続可能な未来を実現するためには、経済と環境、両方の課題にまとめて取り組まなければならない。

Together we stand p.288

To reach a sustainable future, we must merge economic and environmental agendas.

doi: 10.1038/497288a

News

米国の研究者がクローニング技術によるヒト胚性幹細胞の作成に成功し、この技術をめぐって再び議論が。

Human stem cells created by cloning p.295

Breakthrough sets up showdown with induced adult lines.

doi: 10.1038/497295a

超大型干渉電波望遠鏡群(VLA)が、銀河系の中心部に超強磁場中性子星(マグネター)を発見。

Magnetar found at giant black hole p.296

Magnetized neutron star could test Einstein’s theory.

doi: 10.1038/497296a

中国のBGIが「天才の遺伝子」の探索を始めているが、懐疑的な見方も。

Chinese project probes the genetics of genius p.297

Bid to unravel the secrets of brainpower faces scepticism.

doi: 10.1038/497297a

Stephan Hawkingの会合ボイコットが、イスラエルをめぐる論争の引き金に。

Hawking decision fuels Israel debate p.299

Physicist’s stance a ‘turning point’, claim supporters.

doi: 10.1038/497299a

ずさんな研究や不正行為を防ぎ、研究の公正性を高めるための国際会議が。

Meeting targets lab lapses p.300

Attendees search for ways to tackle misconduct and sloppy science.

doi: 10.1038/497300a

News Features

ヒトの進化:古き巨匠たち

Neanderthal culture: Old masters p.302

最古とされるエル・カスティーヨ洞窟の壁画が、ネアンデルタール人と現生人類の関係をめぐる長い論争を激化させている。

doi: 10.1038/497302a

生態学:18 km2のネズミ捕り

Invasive species: The 18-km2 rat trap p.306

エクアドルは、ガラパゴス諸島の移入ブタやヤギの一掃に成功し、現在は移入ラットの根絶に取り組んでいる。

doi: 10.1038/497306a

News & Views

水産学:気候変動が食卓に及ぼす影響

Fisheries: Climate change at the dinner table p.320

漁獲の統計値を革新的な手法で取り扱った研究によって、気候変動は漁業で見られる種の構成に世界的に影響しており、したがって我々が食べる魚の種類にもすでに影響が及んでいることが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/497320a

微生物学:資本主義的経済原理によって構築されている細菌集合体

Microbiology: Bacterial communities as capitalist economies p.321

細菌が固体表面上で集団を作る挙動を追跡することで、「金持ちはさらに金持ちに」式の機序が働き、多糖類の蓄積と細胞の占める位置が正のフィードバックループを増幅することがわかった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12103

惑星科学:天王星と海王星では風はどれだけの深さまで達するのか

Planetary science: Plumbing the depths of Uranus and Neptune p.323

宇宙探査機ボイジャー2号および地上の望遠鏡によって収集されたデータの解析から、天王星と海王星で風が吹き込む深さを絞り込むことが可能になり、これらの惑星の内部構造についての論争に関係する情報が得られた。

doi: 10.1038/497323a

冶金学:あっと驚く鉄生産の電化

Metallurgy: Iron production electrified p.324

電気を使って溶解酸化鉄を鉄と酸素に変換する方法は、長らく探し求められていた。今回、高温と、反応中に生じる腐食性物質に耐えられるアノード材料が開発され、この夢が実現に近づいた。

doi: 10.1038/nature12102

進化:歯の間にものが挟まったような結果

Evolution: Stuck between the teeth p.325

自然選択への発生動態の影響を評価するために設計された、歯の進化のコンピューターモデルで、複雑さが最大適応度の獲得可能性を低下させることが明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12099

Articles

進化:系統樹の古代の分岐を推定するには、強力な系統発生シグナルを持つ遺伝子が必要である

Inferring ancient divergences requires genes with strong phylogenetic signals p.327

Determining major branches in the tree of life generally relies on concatenating as much genetic information as possible, but, as shown here, phylogenomic analysis often produces results that are incongruent with the results of concatenation; a method that gives credence to genes or internodes with high average internode support reduces the incongruence.

doi: 10.1038/nature12130

顕微鏡法:無傷生体系から構造的および分子的情報を引き出す

Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems p.332

High-resolution imaging has traditionally required thin sectioning, a process that disrupts long-range connectivity in the case of brains: here, intact mouse brains and human brain samples have been made fully transparent and macromolecule permeable using a new method termed CLARITY, which allows for intact-tissue imaging as well as repeated antibody labelling and in situ hybridization of non-sectioned tissue.

doi: 10.1038/nature12107

構造生物学:抗がん剤と結合したヒトsmoothened受容体の構造

Structure of the human smoothened receptor bound to an antitumour agent p.338

The crystal structure of the human smoothened (SMO) receptor is presented in complex with a small-molecule antitumour agent; this represents the first example of a non-class-A, 7-transmembrane (7TM) receptor structure, revealing different conserved motifs common within class frizzled 7TM receptors and an unusually complex arrangement of long extracellular loops stabilized by disulphide bonds.

doi: 10.1038/nature12167

Letters

宇宙:天王星と海王星における大気に起因するジェット気流の閉じ込め

Atmospheric confinement of jet streams on Uranus and Neptune p.344

On Uranus and Neptune, the measured fourth-order gravity harmonic, J4, constrains the atmospheric dynamics to the outermost 0.15 per cent and 0.2 per cent, respectively, of the planetary mass, indicating that these dynamics are confined to a thin weather layer no more than 1,000 kilometres deep on both planets.

doi: 10.1038/nature12131

工学:電気的にポンピングされるポラリトンレーザー

An electrically pumped polariton laser p.348

An electrically pumped polariton laser is constructed using a quantum well microcavity, and its polaritonic nature is demonstrated unambiguously by using a magnetic field to probe the part-light, part-matter character of the system.

doi: 10.1038/nature12036

材料:溶融酸化物電気分解時の酸素発生用の新しいアノード材料

A new anode material for oxygen evolution in molten oxide electrolysis p.353

Molten oxide electrolysis is considered a promising route for extractive metallurgy with much reduced carbon dioxide emissions relative to traditional routes; now a new chromium-based alloy has been developed for use as an oxygen evolving anode that remains stable in the high-temperature corrosive conditions found during iron production via electrolysis.

doi: 10.1038/nature12134

地球:先カンブリア時代から地殻内で隔離された深部破砕流体

Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era p.357

Xenon isotopic analysis shows that ancient pockets of water found in a mine in Timmins, Canada, have survived in the Earth’s crust for at least 1.5 billion years.

doi: 10.1038/nature12127

進化:発生に基づく遺伝子型–表現型マップの下での適応動態

Adaptive dynamics under development-based genotype–phenotype maps p.361

Tooth development is used as a model to examine which aspects of phenotype can be optimized by natural selection; this reveals that the complexity of the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic variation can affect adaptation

doi: 10.1038/nature12142

水産学:世界の漁獲構成に見られる海洋温暖化の現れ

Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch p.365

The mean temperature of the catch, an index designed to characterize the effect of climate change on global fisheries catch, increased at a rate of 0.19 degrees Celsius per decade between 1970 and 2006, showing that ocean warming has already affected global fisheries.

doi: 10.1038/nature12156

神経科学:傷害後SVZニッチから起こる保護的なアストロサイト産生はNotch修飾因子Thbs4により制御される

Protective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by Notch modulator Thbs4 p.369

This paper identifies a specific population of subventricular-zone-generated astrocytes that increases in population density after cortical injury; these activated astrocytes migrate to the site of injury, unlike described properties for their counterparts residing in the cortex.

doi: 10.1038/nature12069

発生:X線位相差in vivo顕微鏡断層撮影法でアフリカツメガエル原腸形成の新たな側面を探る

X-ray phase-contrast in vivo microtomography probes new aspects of Xenopus gastrulation p.374

Opaque tissues provide a challenge for live imaging of Xenopus laevis development; a problem solved by in vivo time-lapse X-ray microtomography that is shown to provide a high-resolution three-dimensional view of structural changes and dynamics of gastrulation, and that is applied to identify and analyse new aspects of gastrulation in frog embryos.

doi: 10.1038/nature12116

医学:乳がんにおけるマイクロRNAの全体像の形成と機能的意義

The shaping and functional consequences of the microRNA landscape in breast cancer p.378

MicroRNA profiling of 1,302 human breast tumour samples provides an overview of the miRNA landscape and its regulation, revealing context-dependent interactions, broad prognostic value of miRNA signatures and an important modulatory role for miRNAs in the biology of breast tumours devoid of copy-number aberrations.

doi: 10.1038/nature12108

細胞生物学:EGFRは低酸素に応答して起こるマイクロRNA成熟をAGO2のリン酸化により調整する

EGFR modulates microRNA maturation in response to hypoxia through phosphorylation of AGO2 p.383

Epidermal growth factor receptor, the product of a human oncogene, suppresses the maturation of specific tumour-suppressor-like microRNAs in response to hypoxic stress through phosphorylation of argonaute 2.

doi: 10.1038/nature12080

微生物学:緑膿菌が形成するバイオフィルムでは、Pslからなる菌跡が探索と微小コロニー形成を誘導する

Psl trails guide exploration and microcolony formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms p.388

Cell-tracking experiments and simulations show that the Psl exopolysaccharide deposited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa guides the surface motility of subsequent cells that encounter the Psl trails, generating a ‘rich-get-richer’ effect that leads to microcolony formation.

doi: 10.1038/nature12155

生化学:フェレットへの感染性を持つH5鳥インフルエンザウイルスの受容体への結合

Receptor binding by a ferret-transmissible H5 avian influenza virus p.392

Building on previous work that identified a mutant avian H5 virus that is transmissible between ferrets, the authors present an algorithm to predict virus avidity from the affinity of single haemagglutinin (HA)–receptor interactions; these studies predict that the mutant has a 200-fold preference for the human over the avian receptor, and crystal structures of the mutant HA in complex with human and avian receptors shed light on the molecular basis for these altered binding properties.

doi: 10.1038/nature12144

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