過去の事例について考えることは、現在の科学のより良い理解につながる。
Second thoughts p.291
Revisting the past can help to inform ideas of the present.
doi: 10.1038/533291b
Revisting the past can help to inform ideas of the present.
doi: 10.1038/533291b
Although the evidence suggests that the Olympic Games are safe to proceed, the global health community must not let the Zika virus fade from the research agenda until the threat is wiped out.
doi: 10.1038/533291a
Governments need to tighten regulation if the sharing of clinical-trial data is to succeed.
doi: 10.1038/533292a
A court ruling paves the way for disease-containment measures, but the risk of spread to other regions and nations remains.
doi: 10.1038/533299a
New President Michel Temer ’ who replaces impeached Dilma Rousseff ’ is fusing the science and telecommunications ministries.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19910
Ice-going vessels like Britain’s RRS Sir David Attenborough ’ named Boaty McBoatface by the Internet ’ are being built across the world.
doi: 10.1038/533302a
Synthetic polymerase is a small step along the way to mirrored life forms.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19918
Financial woes of leading biotech firm highlight challenges of developing innovative therapies.
doi: 10.1038/533304a
既存品を上回る強度・靭性・伸展性を持つ合金が、簡単な新しい方法で次々と作られている。
doi: 10.1038/533306a
自給自足を可能にする「スーパー作物」の開発には、遺伝子組換え技術を用いるよりも古典的な育種技術の方が勝っている。
doi: 10.1038/533308a
神経科学の分野では動物行動の研究を容易にするためにバーチャルリアリティーを使うことが多くなっているが、仮想世界での行動が実生活での行動を模倣したものなのかどうかについては議論が続いている。この手法の強みと限界について専門家に論じてもらった。
doi: 10.1038/nature17899
合成戦略の進歩によって、自然界に存在する抗生物質に類似した多様な構造の薬剤を容易に作れるようになった。これらは、薬剤耐性菌に対する闘いでの新しい攻撃手段となる。
doi: 10.1038/533326a
ニュートリノは「フレーバー」によって3種類に分けられ、反ニュートリノも同様に分けられる。いずれの種類のニュートリノも、飛行中に別のフレーバーへと変化する。異なる種類のニュートリノの混合に関する観測結果は、この宇宙が反物質ではなく物質からなる理由を説明する助けとなるかもしれない。
doi: 10.1038/533327a
サンショウウオでは、切除された四肢などの複数種の臓器が再生可能である。今回、メキシコサンショウウオを使った実験で、2種類のシグナル伝達分子の間のクロストークが肢再生を調節していることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature17889
褐色矮星と呼ばれる天体の質量は、恒星と惑星の中間である。近傍の星からの照射を受けている高温の褐色矮星の観測は、液体の存在する惑星天体の大気についての我々の知識に欠けているものを補う助けとなりそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/533330a
RNAポリメラーゼIIは、他の複数の転写因子と共に働いてDNAの転写を開始する。今回、ヒトおよび酵母の細胞での転写過程に関わる構造が高分解能で解析された。
doi: 10.1038/nature18437
Large-scale analyses of the drug sensitivity of cancer cell lines have been previously reported to yield conflicting conclusions; this Analysis uses independently generated data to demonstrate that consistency can be achieved if key laboratory and data analysis practices are considered when future studies are undertaken.
doi: 10.1038/nature17987
A practical, fully synthetic route to macrolide antibiotics via the convergent assembly of simple chemical building blocks is described; more than 300 new macrolide antibiotic candidates have been synthesized using this approach, a number of which are active against bacterial strains that are resistant to currently used antibiotics.
doi: 10.1038/nature17967
A tour-de-force of structural biology solves the structure of the macromolecular injection machinery used to deliver a phage genome into a bacterium.
doi: 10.1038/nature17971
The cryo-electron microscopy structures of yeast initiation complexes containing the transcription factors TBP, TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, and TFIIF and containing either closed or open promoter DNA are reported, providing mechanistic insights into DNA opening and template-strand loading.
doi: 10.1038/nature17990
Cryo-electron microscopy structural models of the human pre-initiation complex at all major steps of transcription initiation at near atomic-level resolution are presented, providing new mechanistic insights into the processes of promoter melting and transcription-bubble formation, as well as an almost complete proposed structural model of all of the pre-initiation complex components and their interactions with DNA.
doi: 10.1038/nature17970
Spectroscopic detection and characterization of an irradiated substellar donor planet in an accreting white-dwarf binary system reveals a donor mass of 0.055 ± 0.008 solar masses, an average spectral type of L1 ± 1 and an average irradiation-induced temperature difference between the dayside and nightside of 57 kelvin.
doi: 10.1038/nature17952
Mutants of the C4-symmetric protein RhuA were designed to self-assemble into two-dimensional crystalline lattices with precise spatial arrangements and patterns; the lattices of one of the variants are auxetic and deform perpendicularly to an applied force in a way that is contrary to what is generally expected in typical materials.
doi: 10.1038/nature17633
The olefin metathesis reaction of two unsaturated substrates is one of the most powerful carbon–carbon-bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry; here, a catalytic carbonyl–olefin ring-closing metathesis reaction is demonstrated that uses iron, an abundant and environmentally benign metal, as a catalyst.
doi: 10.1038/nature17432
A reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 concentration from boron isotopes recorded in planktonic foraminifera examines climate–carbon interactions over the past tens of millions of years and confirms a strong linkage between climate and atmospheric CO2.
doi: 10.1038/nature17423
The stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and its contribution to past sea-level rise are not well defined; in this paper, airborne geophysical data and ice-sheet models are used to show that the Totten Glacier has undergone large-scale retreats and advances, and that it could contribute several metres of sea-level rise in a fully retreated scenario.
doi: 10.1038/nature17447
Compared to other apes, humans live longer, reproduce faster and have larger brains; here, total energy expenditure is studied in humans and all species of great ape, and is shown to be significantly higher in humans, demonstrating that the human lineage has experienced an energy-boosting acceleration in metabolic rate.
doi: 10.1038/nature17654
Depth-dependent patterns in ocean species diversity can be explained by latitudinal variations in energy availability, with shelf and upper-slope diversity increasing with thermal energy availability, and deep-sea diversity increasing with chemical energy availability; the discovery of these distinct patterns could help to guide the conservation and management of these remote ecosystems.
doi: 10.1038/nature17937
Comprehensive genotype–phenotype mapping of the green fluorescent protein shows that the local fitness peak is narrow, shaped by a high prevalence of epistatic interactions, providing for the loss of fluorescence when the joint effect of mutations exceeds a threshold.
doi: 10.1038/nature17995
Activity in the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways can bidirectionally control the speed of movements that underlie reward-seeking actions in mice without affecting motivation.
doi: 10.1038/nature17639
The long-standing puzzle of why salamander limb regeneration requires anterior and posterior tissue interaction has been solved by the demonstration that fibroblast growth factor 8 and sonic hedgehog are key anterior and posterior cross-inductive signals that drive regeneration.
doi: 10.1038/nature17972
Neurotensin, a peptide expressed in the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine that is released upon fat ingestion, is shown to increase fatty acid absorption, with neurotensin-deficient mice being protected from obesity induced by a high-fat diet.
doi: 10.1038/nature17662
In the context of mitochondrial genome heteroplasmy that causes defective oxidative phosphorylation in C. elegans, the ATFS-1-mediated mitochondrial unfolded protein response maintains the deleterious mitochondrial DNA in an attempt to recover oxidative phosphorylation activity and avoid cellular dysfunction.
doi: 10.1038/nature17989
CRISPR/Cas9 DNA editing creates a double-stranded break in the target DNA, which can frequently generate random insertion or deletion of bases (indels); a new genome editing approach combining Cas9 with a cytidine deaminase is described here, which corrects point mutations more efficiently than canonical Cas9, while avoiding double-stranded breaks and indel formation.
doi: 10.1038/nature17946
The 3.7 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of Zika virus is presented, revealing a typical flavivirus architecture; in contrast to the related flavivirus dengue virus, Zika virus is thermally stable at 40 °C, and this structural stability may be a feature that helps it to survive in semen, saliva and urine.
doi: 10.1038/nature17994