ソーシャルメディアを介した難病治療研究の支援募金運動が成功を収めたが、医学研究の支援には、動物実験の問題などについて科学機関が声明を出すという別の方法もある。
The ice bucket p.403
Social-media fun for medical research bypasses animal sensitivities.
doi: 10.1038/514403b
Volume 514 Number 7523
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: 吹き荒れる太陽嵐：噴出する磁力線フラックスロープがコロナ質量放出を起こす
遺伝学: 4万5000年前の現生人類のゲノム
医学: 肺疾患の細胞移植治療
構造生物学: HIV-1ウイルスが免疫を回避する際の構造基盤
宇宙: がか座β星に見つかった系外彗星
ナノテクノロジー: 単層二硫化モリブデンの圧電性
無機化学: 四酸化イリジウムカチオンにおける9価の酸化状態
発生生物学: Hoxと分節化の早期の結び付き
進化遺伝学: 南北アメリカ大陸の結核の歴史
免疫学: リンパ節を膨張させる機構
がん: 急性リンパ芽球性白血病の標的治療
目次
Editorials
インフルエンザウイルスなどの機能獲得研究をめぐって激しい議論が続いてきたが、どう対処するのが最善か、そろそろ合意を目指すべきだ。
A ripe time for gaining ground p.403
After three years of heated debate, the advocates and critics of gain-of-function research must work to agree on how best to regulate the work.
doi: 10.1038/514403a
ヨーロッパでは家畜用医薬品がハゲワシ類への脅威となっており、対策が必要だ。
Toxic influence p.404
Europe must act to stop livestock drugs from wiping out its vulture populations.
doi: 10.1038/514404a
News
米政府が、危険なウイルスの機能獲得研究への助成を、一時停止へ。
US suspends risky disease research p.411
Government to cease funding gain-of-function studies that make viruses more dangerous, pending a safety assessment.
doi: 10.1038/514411a
米国の中間選挙が間近だが、科学予算緊縮の見直しは望み薄に。
US midterm elections offer little hope for science p.412
November vote is unlikely to break a political stalemate that has squeezed research funding.
doi: 10.1038/514412a
最古の現生人類ゲノムが解読され、出アフリカの経緯に興味深い手掛かりが。
Oldest-known human genome sequenced p.413
DNA shows a group of modern humans roamed across Asia.
doi: 10.1038/514413a
太陽光の活用で絶望的な故障を克服し、第二のミッションを開始したNASAのケプラー宇宙望遠鏡から、早くも有望なデータが。
Sun’s stroke keeps Kepler online p.414
Space telescope beats mechanical failures to begin a second mission that will trace new celestial targets.
doi: 10.1038/514414a
タンパク質の動的構造解析データが増えており、そうしたデータの保管がタンパク質データバンク（PDB）の大きな課題に。
Data bank struggles as protein imaging ups its game p.416
Hybrid methods to solve structures of molecular machines create a storage headache.
doi: 10.1038/514416a
News Features
研究：倫理チーム
Human-subjects research: The ethics squad p.418
生命倫理学者たちが、科学研究で直面する幅広い倫理問題についての助言サービスを始めている。
doi: 10.1038/514418a
古生物学：「ホビット物語」
The discovery of Homo floresiensis: Tales of the hobbit p.422
1万8000年前に生きていた現生人類の重要な親戚、ホモ・フローレシエンシスの発見に関わった科学者たちに話を聞く。
doi: 10.1038/514422a
News & Views
気候変動：天然ガス使用構想に見つかったひび
Climate change: A crack in the natural-gas bridge p.436
統合評価モデルを使って、新たな気候政策の制定がなければ、天然ガスを潤沢に供給しても温室効果ガス排出量と気候変動にはわずかな影響しかないだろうという予測が示された。
doi: 10.1038/nature13927
HIV：エンベロープタンパク質の目印
HIV: A stamp on the envelope p.437
HIV-1エンベロープ三量体タンパク質が標的細胞と融合する前の状態を捕捉した高分解能結晶構造は、このタンパク質複合体に対する防御免疫応答を引き出すようなワクチンの設計に役立ちそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/nature13926
肺疾患：細胞移植による治療
Lung disease: Treatment by cell transplant p.438
遺伝子を修正したマクロファージ細胞のマウス肺への直接移植は、遺伝性の肺疾患でヒトでも見られる肺胞蛋白症の治療に効果があることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13758
天文学：生まれたての惑星系をめぐる彗星群
Astronomy: Hurling comets around a planetary nursery p.440
若い惑星系中の恒星の近傍を通る多数の彗星の分析から、こうした彗星は大きく2つに分けられることが分かった。その1つは古くてガスの抜けた彗星群、もう1つはより若い彗星群で、おそらくもっと大型の惑星天体の分裂に関係していると思われる。
doi: 10.1038/514440a
生理学：広くしてあるから入っておいで
Physiology: Relax and come in p.441
炎症の際には、免疫細胞が流れ込むためにリンパ節が腫れる。新たな研究によって、リンパ節を形作っている収縮性細胞の弛緩を引き起こすシグナル伝達経路が突き止められた。
doi: 10.1038/514441a
HIV：効能には定常性が必要
HIV: Potency needs constancy p.442
抗体療法やワクチンの有効性を最適化する方法を明らかにした研究で、強力なHIV-1中和抗体の活性は抗体のFc領域への細胞の結合に依存することが確証された。
doi: 10.1038/514442a
Articles
遺伝学：シベリア西部で発掘された4万5000年前の現生人類のゲノム塩基配列
Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia p.445
The high-quality genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from Siberia reveals that gene flow from Neanderthals into the ancestors of this individual had already occurred about 7,000 to 13,000 years earlier; genomic comparisons show that he belonged to a population that lived close in time to the separation of populations in east and west Eurasia and that may represent an early modern human radiation out of Africa that has no direct descendants today.
doi: 10.1038/nature13810
医学：肺内マクロファージ移植治療
Pulmonary macrophage transplantation therapy p.450
This study reports the correction of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in Csf2rb–/– mice by a single transfer of either wild-type or gene-corrected macrophages directly to the lungs — the transplanted macrophages persisted for at least 1 year; this transplantation strategy obviated the need for myeloablation and immunosuppression and should be a feasible therapy for humans with hereditary PAP.
doi: 10.1038/nature13807
構造生物学：融合前のHIV-1 Env三量体の構造と免疫認識
Structure and immune recognition of trimeric pre-fusion HIV-1 Env p.455
A crystal structure of the human immunodeficiency virus Env trimer, used by the virus to infect cells, is determined here; the new structure, which shows the pre-fusion form of Env, increases our understanding of the fusion mechanism and of how the conformation of Env allows the virus to evade the immune response.
doi: 10.1038/nature13808
Letters
宇宙：がか座β星系における太陽系外彗星の2つの種族
Two families of exocomets in the β Pictoris system p.462
Statistical analysis of over a thousand spectra of the star β Pictoris reveals that it has two kinds of exocomets circling it: old exhausted comets trapped in mean-motion resonance with a massive planet, and fragments of comets.
doi: 10.1038/nature13849
宇宙：太陽面爆発の誘因となる磁場環境の特徴と予測
Characterizing and predicting the magnetic environment leading to solar eruptions p.465
Modelling the solar magnetic field using observations of the photospheric field in the four-day period preceding a coronal mass ejection shows that the formation and later ejection of a twisted rope of magnetic flux provides the physical mechanism responsible for the ejection.
doi: 10.1038/nature13815
ナノテクノロジー：エネルギー変換とピエゾトロニクスに使う単原子層MoS2の圧電性
Piezoelectricity of single-atomic-layer MoS2 for energy conversion and piezotronics p.470
The two-dimensional semiconducting material molybdenum disulphide shows strong piezoelectricity in its single-layered form, suggesting possible applications in nanoscale electromechanical devices for sensing and energy harvesting.
doi: 10.1038/nature13792
無機化学：9価の形式酸化状態をとるイリジウム含有化合物の同定
Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX p.475
The tetrahedral iridium tetroxide cation [IrO4]+, which has an iridium 5d0 valence electron configuration and a formal oxidation state of IX, is generated in the gas phase, identified by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, and predicted, by quantum chemical calculations, to be the most stable of all possible [IrO4]+ isomers.
doi: 10.1038/nature13795
気候科学：永久凍土の融解に対する微生物群集の反応が調節するメタンの動態
Methane dynamics regulated by microbial community response to permafrost thaw p.478
The abundance of key microbial lineages can be used to predict atmospherically relevant patterns in methane isotopes and the proportion of carbon metabolized to methane during permafrost thaw, suggesting that microbial ecology may be important in ecosystem-scale responses to global change.
doi: 10.1038/nature13798
気候科学：10年スケールの気候変動に対する天然ガス使用量の増加の限定的な影響
Limited impact on decadal-scale climate change from increased use of natural gas p.482
It has been hoped that making abundant natural gas available by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions but now modelling shows that increased consumption will have limited effect on climate change.
doi: 10.1038/nature13837
農業：低い環境コストで多くの穀物を生産する
Producing more grain with lower environmental costs p.486
In an experiment across China to test integrated soil–crop system management for rice, wheat and maize against current practice, improvements in grain yield are equivalent to high-input techniques, but nutrient use, nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions are lower than current practice.
doi: 10.1038/nature13609
発生生物学：後脳分節化のHox調節ネットワークは脊椎動物系統樹の基部に保存されている
A Hox regulatory network of hindbrain segmentation is conserved to the base of vertebrates p.490
Nested Hox expression domains are found in jawed vertebrates and in non-vertebrate chordates, but it is unclear whether there is a link between brain regionalization and Hox expression in jawless vertebrates; here, Hox expression is shown to be integrated with hindbrain segmentation in lampreys.
doi: 10.1038/nature13723
進化遺伝学：コロンブス以前のマイコバクテリウム属細菌のゲノムから、新世界のヒト結核の起源の1つがアシカ・アザラシ類であることが判明
Pre-Columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal seals as a source of New World human tuberculosis p.494
Three 1,000-year-old mycobacterial genomes from Peruvian human skeletons reveal that a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex derived from seals caused human disease before contact in the Americas.
doi: 10.1038/nature13591
免疫学：樹状細胞は細網繊維芽細胞ネットワークの張力とリンパ節の膨張を制御する
Dendritic cells control fibroblastic reticular network tension and lymph node expansion p.498
During inflammation, the lymph node stromal compartment is shown to accommodate high numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes by relaxing the cytoskeleton of fibroblastic reticular cells, allowing the latter to stretch and the lymph node to expand.
doi: 10.1038/nature13814
細胞：膵δ細胞の齢依存的なインスリン産生細胞への変換による糖尿病からの回復
Diabetes recovery by age-dependent conversion of pancreatic δ-cells into insulin producers p.503
An investigation of the influence of age on the generation of insulin-producing cells after β-cell loss in mice reveals that, whereas α-cells can reprogram to produce insulin from puberty to adulthood, efficient reconstitution in the very young is through δ-cell reprogramming, leading to complete diabetes recovery.
doi: 10.1038/nature13633
がん：高脂肪食を介するディスバイオーシスが、肥満とは独立に腸のがんの発生を促進する
High-fat-diet-mediated dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis independently of obesity p.508
A high-fat diet promotes intestinal tumorigenesis independently of obesity in a mouse model with oncogene activation, by changing the composition of the gut microbiota and altering immune regulation.
doi: 10.1038/nature13398
がん：急性リンパ芽球性白血病で2つのヒストン3リシン27デメチラーゼが果たす対照的な役割
Contrasting roles of histone 3 lysine 27 demethylases in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia p.513
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a haematological malignancy with a poor prognosis and no available targeted therapies; now two histone H3 lysine 27 demethylases, JMJD3 and UTX, are shown to have contrasting roles in human T-ALL cells and a mouse model of the disease, and a small molecule demethylase inhibitor is found to inhibit the growth of T-ALL cell lines, introducing a potential therapeutic avenue for acute leukaemia.
doi: 10.1038/nature13605
構造生物学：Zn2+輸送性P型ATPアーゼの構造と機構
Structure and mechanism of Zn2+ -transporting P-type ATPases p.518
The X-ray crystal structures of a zinc-ion-transporting P-type ATPase are solved in a zinc-free, phosphoenzyme ‘ground’ state and in a transition state of dephosphorylation, characterizing these transporters of an essential micronutrient that is needed for many biological processes but is cytotoxic when free.
doi: 10.1038/nature13618
