BICEP2による重力波の発見をめぐる騒動によって数多く教訓が残され、とりわけ明確になったのは、大部分の科学研究が常に発展途上にあるということだ。
Dust to dust p.273
What lessons can be learned from the presentation of the gravitational-waves story?
doi: 10.1038/514273b
Volume 514 Number 7522
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: 特集：大学の実験：未来のキャンパスの作り方
集団遺伝学: 遺伝子に記されたオオカバマダラの「渡り」
細胞: 長命の前駆細胞が血液細胞を生み出す
神経科学: グルタミン酸受容体の3つの状態の構造
宇宙: 初期星形成のモデル
固体物理学: 酸化銅の巨大励起子
電気化学: 安価な液体電池の開発
地球化学: マントルプリュームの地球化学的性質
進化: 群選択が働いている証拠
免疫: RIG-Iによる幅広いウイルス認識
がん: 網膜芽細胞腫の起源
- OUTLOOK: 医学研究のマスタークラス
目次
Editorials
特集：学生の増加、学外との協働、学習とイノベーションの実現過程の見直しなど、加速する時代の変化に応じた変革を迫られた大学が、解決策の模索、実験を独自に進めている。
Universities challenged p.273
The face of higher education is changing at a rapid rate.
doi: 10.1038/514273a
特集：査読者の実績を総合的に記録し、顕彰する活動が盛んになっており、これは歓迎すべき流れである。
Review rewards p.274
Welcome efforts are being made to recognize academics who give up their time to peer review.
doi: 10.1038/514274a
News
細胞の再プログラム化によるβ細胞の作製成功で、1型糖尿病の移植治療に希望が見えてきたが、移植によって起こる免疫応答への対応が課題に。
Stem-cell success aids diabetes fight p.281
Researchers must now work out how to protect cell transplants from the immune systems of people with type 1 diabetes.
doi: 10.1038/514281a
巨大なゲノムデータの集積により、病気の原因となる遺伝子多様体の探索を強化へ。
Giant gene banks take on disease p.282
Researchers bring together troves of DNA sequences in the hope of teasing out links between traits and genetic variants.
doi: 10.1038/514282a
ケープペンギンの個体数減少の原因を探るべく行われた大規模な漁業規制実験が、さらなる議論を巻き起こすことに。
African penguins put researchers in a flap p.283
Controlled fishing experiment raises controversy over cause of birds’ decline on Robben Island.
doi: 10.1038/514283a
数字で見るエボラ出血熱。
Ebola by the numbers p.284
As the virus continues to rampage in West Africa, Nature’s graphic offers a guide to the figures that matter.
doi: 10.1038/514284a
生きた細胞内の分子の動きの観察を可能にした超高解像蛍光顕微鏡の開発に寄与した研究者3名にノーベル化学賞が。
Insider view of cells scoops Nobel p.286
Three scientists used fluorescent molecules to defy the limits of conventional optical microscopes.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2014.16097
News Features
特集：大学の実験
Higher education: The university experiment p.287
この特集では、大学の生き残りに必要な「進化」を達成するために各大学で行われている方法の模索と実践に焦点を当てる。
doi: 10.1038/514287a
特集：キャンパスが実験室
The university experiment: Campus as laboratory p.288
世界中の大学が現代社会へと適応するために進められている革新的な教授法、学習法や研究について、さまざまな国での事例を紹介する。
doi: 10.1038/514288a
特集：研究の進め方を見直す
Arizona's big bet: The research rethink p.292
米国のアリゾナ州立大学は、学部・学科の垣根を壊して、研究と教育の変革を試みているが、その一方で、大学の基本的特徴を変えることの難しさを示す問題点も浮上している。
doi: 10.1038/514292a
News & Views
進化生物学：最適グループが生き残る
Evolutionary biology: Survival of the fittest group p.308
社会性のあるクモを使った実験で、コロニーのサイズと構成が、そのコロニーの生存に立地特異的な様式で影響することが明らかになり、群れレベルの形質に対する自然選択が局所的適応に関わっていることが示された。
doi: 10.1038/nature13755
がん：一緒になって転移に進む
Cancer: Staying together on the road to metastasis p.309
乳がんが原因の死亡のほとんどは、原発腫瘍が二次部位に広がった際に起こっている。血流中に入った腫瘍細胞の塊は、循環中の単一の腫瘍細胞よりも転移を起こす頻度がずっと高いことが明らかになってきた。
doi: 10.1038/514309a
宇宙物理学：ちっちゃな銀河が星を形成する仕組み
Astrophysics: How tiny galaxies form stars p.310
ヘリウムより重い元素の存在量が少ない2つの暗い銀河の観測で、これらの銀河の星形成効率は、天の川銀河や、天の川銀河に似た銀河の10分の1以下であることが示された。
doi: 10.1038/514310a
がん：ヒト網膜芽細胞腫の起源
Cancer: The origin of human retinoblastoma p.312
ヒトのがんの多くは、その起源となる細胞が明らかにされていないが、胚性網膜細胞の解析で、小児がんである網膜芽細胞腫の起源となる細胞が分化中の錐体細胞であることが突き止められた。
doi: 10.1038/nature13748
固体物理学：再設計された歴史的実験
Solid-state physics: A historic experiment redesigned p.313
リュードベリ励起子と呼ばれる大きな準粒子が、酸化銅の天然結晶中で観測された。この結果は、単一光子ロジックデバイスのような応用に使えるかもしれない。
doi: 10.1038/514313a
ゲノミクス：大型蝶の「渡り」に関わる遺伝子
Genomics: Of monarchs and migration p.314
オオカバマダラ属の蝶の移動性および定住性の個体群に由来する101個体のゲノムの塩基配列が解読され、昆虫の移動と体色の基盤となっている遺伝子と分子経路が明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature13757
Articles
集団遺伝学：オオカバマダラの移動と警告色の遺伝学
The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration p.317
The monarch butterfly, well known for its spectacular annual migration across North America, is shown by genome sequencing of monarchs from around the world to have been ancestrally migratory and to have dispersed out of North America to occupy its current broad distribution; the authors also discovered signatures of selection associated with migration within loci implicated in flight muscle function, leading to greater flight efficiency.
doi: 10.1038/nature13812
細胞：生来の造血のクローン動態
Clonal dynamics of native haematopoiesis p.322
On the basis of transplantation experiments it is generally believed that a very small number of haematopoietic stem cells maintain multi-lineage haematopoiesis by stably producing a hierarchy of short-lived progenitor cells; here a new transposon-based labelling technique shows that this might not be the case during non-transplant haematopoiesis, but rather that a large number of long-lived progenitors are the main drivers of steady-state haematopoiesis during most of adulthood.
doi: 10.1038/nature13824
神経科学：グルタミン酸受容体の活性化と脱感作の構造的機構
Structural mechanism of glutamate receptor activation and desensitization p.328
Cryo-electron microscopy is used to visualize the AMPA receptor GluA2 and the kainate receptor GluK2 in several functional states — having access to so many different structural states has enabled the authors to propose a molecular model for the gating cycle of glutamate receptors.
doi: 10.1038/nature13603
Letters
宇宙：金属量の極端に少ない銀河における非効率的な星形成
Inefficient star formation in extremely metal poor galaxies p.335
Spatially resolved infrared observations of two galaxies with oxygen abundances below 10 per cent of the solar value show that stars formed very inefficiently in seven star-forming clumps, suggesting that star formation may have been very inefficient in the early Universe.
doi: 10.1038/nature13820
宇宙：古典新星のγ線放射と質量放出を駆動する連星軌道
Binary orbits as the driver of γ-ray emission and mass ejection in classical novae p.339
High-resolution radio imaging of the γ-ray-emitting nova V959 Mon, hosted by a white dwarf and its binary companion, shows that gaseous ejecta are expelled along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, that denser material drifts out along the equatorial plane, propelled by orbital motion, and that γ-ray production occurs at the interface between these polar and equatorial regions.
doi: 10.1038/nature13773
固体物理学：酸化銅Cu2Oにおける巨大リュードベリ励起子
Giant Rydberg excitons in the copper oxide Cu2O p.343
Rydberg excitons (condensed-matter analogues of hydrogen atoms) are shown to exist in single-crystal copper oxide with principal quantum numbers as large as n = 25 and giant wavefunctions with extensions of around two micrometres; this has implications for research in condensed-matter optics.
doi: 10.1038/nature13832
電気化学：電力網レベルでのエネルギー貯蔵のためのリチウム–アンチモン–鉛液体金属電池
Lithium–antimony–lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage p.348
All-liquid batteries comprising a lithium negative electrode and an antimony–lead positive electrode have a higher current density and a longer cycle life than conventional batteries, can be more easily used to make large-scale storage systems, and so potentially present a low-cost means of grid-level energy storage.
doi: 10.1038/nature13700
大気化学：石油・ガス盆地におけるカルボニルの光分解に起因する冬季の高濃度オゾン汚染
High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin p.351
Data from the oil- and gas-producing basin of northeastern Utah and a box model are used to assess the photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds that lead to excessive atmospheric ozone pollution in winter.
doi: 10.1038/nature13767
地球化学：サモア・プリュームの地球化学的配置を明らかにするヘリウムと鉛の同位体
Helium and lead isotopes reveal the geochemical geometry of the Samoan plume p.355
Analysis of the lead and helium isotopes in Samoan hotspot lavas reveals four low-3He/4He types of lava that do not mix much with each other but do mix with a high-3He/4He component.
doi: 10.1038/nature13794
進化：立地特異的な群選択が局所的に適応した群れ構成を促進する
Site-specific group selection drives locally adapted group compositions p.359
Here, colonies of social spiders are used to investigate the evolution of a group-level trait, the ratio of individuals with the ‘docile’ versus ‘aggressive’ phenotype in a colony; experimental colonies were generated with varying ratios and established in the wild, revealing group-level selection.
doi: 10.1038/nature13811
進化：ハルキゲニアの有爪動物様の鉤爪と、Tactopodaの存在を裏付ける証拠
Hallucigenia’s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda p.363
The claws of the Cambrian lobopodian Hallucigenia resemble the claws and jaws of extant onychophorans, establishing a close relationship between hallucigeniid lobopodians and onychophorans, resolving tardigrades as the closest extant relatives of true arthropods, and showing that the earliest ancestor of the arthropods and their kin would have looked like a lobopodian.
doi: 10.1038/nature13576
植物科学：シロイヌナズナでの浸透圧感知に不可欠な、浸透圧ストレスによるCa2+増加はOSCA1によって仲介される
OSCA1 mediates osmotic-stress-evoked Ca2+ increases vital for osmosensing in Arabidopsis p.367
Osmotic stress is known to induce a transient increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i in plants, and now OSCA1 is identified as a long-sought Ca2+ channel that mediates [Ca2+]i increases—mutants lacking OSCA1 function have impaired osmotic Ca2+ signalling in guard cells and root cells, and reduced transpiration regulation and root growth under osmotic stress.
doi: 10.1038/nature13593
免疫：5′-二リン酸を持つRNAのRIG-Iを介した認識による抗ウイルス免疫
Antiviral immunity via RIG-I-mediated recognition of RNA bearing 5′-diphosphates p.372
The innate immune receptor RIG-I is shown to sense 5′-diphosphate RNAs as found in some viral genomes in addition to its well characterized activation by RNAs bearing 5′-triphosphate moieties.
doi: 10.1038/nature13590
細胞生物学：単一細胞レベルでの代謝と成長に見られる確率論的性質
Stochasticity of metabolism and growth at the single-cell level p.376
The inherent stochasticity in metabolic reactions is a potent source of phenotypic heterogeneity in cell populations, with potentially fundamental implications for cancer research.
doi: 10.1038/nature13582
がん：CRISPRによるマウス肝臓でのがん遺伝子の直接的変異
CRISPR-mediated direct mutation of cancer genes in the mouse liver p.380
CRISPR plasmids targeting Pten and p53, alone and in combination, are delivered by hydrodynamic injection to the liver; the CRISPR-mediated mutations phenocopy the effects of deletions using Cre–LoxP technology, allowing the direct mutation of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes in the liver using the CRISPR/Cas system, which presents a new approach for rapid development of liver cancer models and functional genomics.
doi: 10.1038/nature13589
がん：Rbはヒトの錐体前駆細胞に由来する網膜芽細胞腫を抑制する
Rb suppresses human cone-precursor-derived retinoblastoma tumours p.385
The nature of the retinal cell-type-specific circuitry that predisposes to retinoblastoma is demonstrated, in which a program that is unique to post-mitotic human cone precursors sensitizes to the oncogenic effects of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein depletion; hence, the loss of Rb collaborates with the molecular framework of cone precursors to initiate tumorigenesis.
doi: 10.1038/nature13813
免疫：B細胞では非コードRNAの転写が、AIDを分岐転写される遺伝子座へと誘導する
Noncoding RNA transcription targets AID to divergently transcribed loci in B cells p.389
The 11-subunit RNA exosome is thought to regulate the mammalian noncoding transcriptome; here, a mouse model is generated in which the essential Exosc3 subunit of the RNA exosome in B cells is conditionally deleted, revealing a link between sites of genomic RNA exosome function and AID-mediated chromosomal translocations.
doi: 10.1038/nature13580
