科学者は農業の現場との連携を強化して、気候変動への対応を図るべきだ。
Prepare farms for the future p.381
Scientists must work closely with farmers to ensure that agriculture can stand up to the ravages of climate change.
doi: 10.1038/523381a
Volume 523 Number 7561
今週のハイライト
Cover Story: 移植への青信号：ゼブラフィッシュモデルで見られた幹細胞生着の増進
計算論的神経科学: 嗅内皮質のスピード細胞
構造生物学: ABC輸送体の1つの構造
中枢神経系疾患: 外傷性脳損傷でのシス型リン酸化タウによるタウオパチー
太陽物理学: コロナジェット形成の再検討
DNAナノテクノロジー: グラフ理論が切り開くナノスケールの3Dプリンティングへの道
有機化学: キラルアミン合成が容易に
集団遺伝学: ケネウィックマンとは何者か
集団遺伝学: 両親の血縁度は子の身長と知性に関連する
遺伝学: 変異率変動を解析
植物科学: 時間を記録する免疫系
寄生虫学: 薬剤スクリーニング用の改変型Cryptosporidium
目次
Editorials
Peter Medawarの36年前の著書『若き科学者へ』の内容は、現代の若手研究者たちにも十分役に立つ。
Timeless advice p.381
The best guidance on how to get ahead in science stands the test of time.
doi: 10.1038/523381b
論文発表された実験の再現に苦労するときには、論文の著者にコンタクトをとり、積極的にアドバイスを求めるべきだ。
It’s good to talk p.382
Help for those struggling to reproduce results could be just a phone call away.
doi: 10.1038/523382a
News
冥王星フライバイに成功したNASAの探査機ニュー・ホライズンズが、数々の鮮明な画像を。
Vibrant Pluto stuns scientists p.389
Mission seeking clues to early Solar System finds a world made anew.
doi: 10.1038/523389a
米国の「プレシジョン・メディシン・イニシアチブ」では、研究に参加する民族のバランスが重要な課題に。
US tailored-medicine project aims for ethnic balance p.391
Massive study seeks to succeed where others failed, but faces tight deadline and questions about strategy.
doi: 10.1038/523391a
地球外知的生命体探査に、ロシアの富豪から巨額な資金援助という幸運が。
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence gets a $100-million boost p.392
Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announces most comprehensive hunt for alien life.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18016
HIVに母子感染した少女が、治療終了後12年間発症せず、寛解の最長記録に。
French teenager healthy 12 years after ceasing HIV treatment p.393
Eighteen-year-old joins small group of patients who can control the virus after discontinuing drugs.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17951
核開発をめぐる制裁の解除は、イランの科学には朗報に。
Iranian researchers welcome nuclear deal p.394
Lifted sanctions could boost international scientific collaboration.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17984
英国が方針を変更し、有人宇宙飛行に進出へ。
UK shifts its space-science strategy p.394
Research surrounding human spaceflight is booming.
doi: 10.1038/523394a
News Features
適応研究：気候変動に負けない農場を求めて
Quest for climate-proof farms p.396
安定的な食料生産を脅かす気候変動に適応すべく、科学者と農家が連携して、干ばつや洪水に耐えられる農業を目指した長期プロジェクトを進めている。
doi: 10.1038/523396a
分子生物学：RNAの精緻な構造
A cellular puzzle: The weird and wonderful architecture of RNA p.398
細胞に含まれる大量のRNA分子は、ねじれ、折りたたまれた複雑な構造をとっており、そうした構造の重要性が明らかになってきている。
doi: 10.1038/523398a
News & Views
ナノテクノロジー：DNA構造体作製のためのパスファインダー
Nanotechnology: Pathfinder for DNA constructs p.412
DNAを材料としてナノスケールの構造体を作製する効率の良い方法が考案された。この方法では、コンピューターグラフィックスで使われる三次元表面の表現法がテンプレートとして使われていて、これがDNAナノテクノロジー応用の難しさを低減している。
doi: 10.1038/523412a
寄生虫学：CryptosporidiumでのCRISPR
Parasitology: CRISPR for Cryptosporidium p.413
下痢症の病原体であるCryptosporidiumの研究は、遺伝学的修飾の方法や培養手段が見つからないことで進んでいなかった。この寄生虫でのゲノム編集と増殖の方法が報告され、こうした状況が変化しそうだ。
doi: 10.1038/nature14636
遺伝学：多様性を促進させるフィードフォワードループ
Genetics: Feedforward loop for diversity p.414
相同染色体上の相対立する遺伝子座中の塩基配列に相違がある状態をヘテロ接合性というが、このレベルが高いゲノムでは、遺伝的変異が高率で生じることが、DNA塩基配列解析から示唆された。
doi: 10.1038/nature14634
計算イメージング：3D顕微鏡のための機械学習
Computational imaging: Machine learning for 3D microscopy p.416
人工ニューラルネットワークと顕微鏡法を併用して生物細胞の三次元構造が視覚化された。この方法は、光の多重散乱のような画像化に伴う難問の解決につながる可能性がある。
doi: 10.1038/523416a
有機化学：自然極性の反転
Organic chemistry: Natural polarity inverted p.417
極性変換は、ドイツ語では「umpolung」と呼ばれ、化学基に自然に生じた静電分極が反転することを指している。今回この現象を使って、含窒素分子の鏡像異性体が1つ作られた。
doi: 10.1038/523417a
Articles
計算論的神経科学：内側嗅内皮質のスピード細胞
Speed cells in the medial entorhinal cortex p.419
On the basis of neural firing rates a specific class of neuron is identified in the medial entorhinal cortex that linearly encodes information on running speed in a context-independent manner and that is distinct from other functionally specific entorhinal neurons.
doi: 10.1038/nature14622
構造生物学：ポリペプチドのプロセシングと分泌を行う輸送体の結晶構造
Crystal structures of a polypeptide processing and secretion transporter p.425
Gram-positive bacteria use peptidase-containing ATP-binding cassette transporters (PCATs) to export quorum-sensing and antimicrobial polypeptides; here, the X-ray crystal structures of PCAT1 from Clostridium thermocellum in the absence and presence of ATP are reported.
doi: 10.1038/nature14623
中枢神経系疾患：神経変性の早期ドライバーであるシス型リン酸化タウに対する抗体は脳損傷やタウオパチーを阻止する
Antibody against early driver of neurodegeneration cis P-tau blocks brain injury and tauopathy p.431
Here the cis form of tau protein, which disrupts axonal microtubules and transport, spreads to other neurons, and leads to apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, is found to be produced by neurons immediately after traumatic brain injury (TBI); treating TBI mice with cis antibody blocks early production of cis tau, prevents tauopathy and spread and restores brain structural and functional outcomes, and may be further developed to treat TBI and to prevent neurodegeneration after injury.
doi: 10.1038/nature14658
Letters
太陽物理学：太陽のコロナホールにおけるX線ジェットを駆動する小規模なフィラメントの爆発
Small-scale filament eruptions as the driver of X-ray jets in solar coronal holes p.437
A study of the formation of X-ray jets in solar coronal holes suggests that this process does not follow the popular ‘emerging-flux’ model, but instead results from a minifilament eruption akin to the larger-scale filament eruptions that drive larger solar flares and mass ejections.
doi: 10.1038/nature14556
DNAナノテクノロジー：ナノスケールの多面体メッシュのDNAレンダリング
DNA rendering of polyhedral meshes at the nanoscale p.441
A general method of folding arbitrary polygonal digital meshes in DNA uses a routeing algorithm based on graph theory and a relaxation simulation that traces scaffold strands through the target structures to produce complex structures with an open conformation that are stable under biological assay conditions.
doi: 10.1038/nature14586
有機化学：触媒を用いたイミンの不斉極性転換反応
Catalytic asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines p.445
Imines conventionally act as electrophiles towards carbon nucleophiles in the synthesis of amines, but the range of amines could be much extended if the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich to allow it to act as a nucleophile toward a carbon electrophile; such a reaction can be promoted by new phase-transfer catalysts, leading to highly efficient asymmetric reactions of imines with enals.
doi: 10.1038/nature14617
環境化学：鉄の地球化学的データの統計解析が示す後期原生代の限定的な酸素化
Statistical analysis of iron geochemical data suggests limited late Proterozoic oxygenation p.451
Iron-based proxies are used to track the redox chemistry of ancient oceans, but do not reveal the sharp oxygenation event in the late Proterozoic eon that is expected from previous evaluations of proxy records.
doi: 10.1038/nature14589
集団遺伝学：ケネウィックマンの系統と類縁関係
The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man OPEN p.455
Kennewick Man, a 8,500-year-old male human skeleton discovered in Washington state, USA, has been the subject of scientific and legal controversy; here a DNA analysis shows that Kennewick Man is closer to modern Native Americans than to any other extant population worldwide.
doi: 10.1038/nature14625
集団遺伝学：さまざまなヒト集団での身長と認知機能に対するドミナンスの方向性
Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations p.459
An analysis of 16 health-related quantitative traits in approximately 350,000 individuals reveals statistically significant associations between genome-wide homozygosity and four complex traits (height, lung function, cognitive ability and educational attainment); in each case increased homozygosity associates with a decreased trait value, but no evidence was seen of an influence on blood pressure, cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits.
doi: 10.1038/nature14618
遺伝学：親子の塩基配列解読からヘテロ接合では変異率が高くなることが明らかになった
Parent–progeny sequencing indicates higher mutation rates in heterozygotes p.463
Mutation rates vary within genomes; here, by calling mutation events directly using a parent–offspring sequencing strategy in Arabidopsis, replicated in the rice and honey bee genomes, mutation rates are found to be higher in heterozygotes and in proximity to crossover events.
doi: 10.1038/nature14649
幹細胞：エポキシエイコサトリエン酸は胚性造血と成体での骨髄生着を増進する
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids enhance embryonic haematopoiesis and adult marrow engraftment p.468
An in vivo imaging-based competitive transplant screen in zebrafish identifies epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as enhancers of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) engraftment; these derivatives of arachidonic acid also promote zebrafish developmental HSPC specification through a PI(3)K-dependent AP-1 and runx1 transcriptional program and their pro-engraftment effect is conserved in mammals (indicating clinical potential).
doi: 10.1038/nature14569
植物科学：酸化還元リズムは概日時計による免疫応答のゲーティングを増強する
Redox rhythm reinforces the circadian clock to gate immune response p.472
The master immune regulator NPR1 of Arabidopsis is a sensor of the plant’s redox state and regulates transcription of core circadian clock genes even in the absence of pathogen challenge.
doi: 10.1038/nature14449
寄生虫学：下痢症を引き起こす病原体であるCryptosporidium parvumの遺伝学的改変
Genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum p.477
Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhoeal disease in young children but until now it has been difficult to study; here, the parasite is genetically modified, paving the way for in-depth investigation and the development of effective treatments.
doi: 10.1038/nature14651
生物工学：改変されたPAM特異性を持つ遺伝子工学的CRISPR-Cas9ヌクレアーゼ
Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities p.481
CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases are widely used for genome editing, but the range of sequences that Cas9 can recognize is constrained by the need for a specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM); here the commonly used Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) is modified to recognize alternative PAM sequences, enabling robust editing of endogenous gene sites in zebrafish and human cells not currently targetable by wild-type SpCas9.
doi: 10.1038/nature14592
エピゲノミクス：単一細胞のクロマチンの接近可能性から、調節の変動の原理が明らかになる
Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals principles of regulatory variation p.486
A single-cell method for probing genome-wide chromatin accessibility has been developed; the results provide insight into the relationship between cell-to-cell variation associated with specific trans-factors and cis-elements, as well insights into the relationship between chromatin accessibility and three-dimensional genome organization.
doi: 10.1038/nature14590
