Volume 496 Number 7443

Editorials

ブラックホールに関する理論的考察で、物理学法則の対立に学者たちが頭を悩ませている。

Against the law p.5

Behaviours proposed for black holes conflict with the laws of physics.

doi: 10.1038/496005b

日本の主要な研究助成機関である科学技術振興機構は、研究活動の不正行為に対し、もっと厳しく取り組むべきだ。

A record made to be broken p.5

Japan’s major science-funding agency has a clean record when it comes to research fraud. Now is the time for it to step up and resolve a long-running case of alleged scientific misconduct.

doi: 10.1038/496005a

News

フランシス・クリックのノーベル賞メダルや書簡などが、競売に。

Crick’s medal goes under the hammer p.13

Pending auction raises eyebrows but few objections.

doi: 10.1038/496013a

がんの免疫療法の発展に伴い、免疫系の目立たない応答を観察できる方法の開発が重要に。

Sizing up a slow assault on cancer p.14

Rise of immunotherapies spurs search for markers of response.

doi: 10.1038/496014a

日本のニュートリノ検出装置カムランドで、原発停止の影響により、地球深部からのニュートリノ検出の可能性が。

Detectors zero in on Earth’s heat p.17

Geoneutrinos paint picture of deep-mantle processes.

doi: 10.1038/496017a

中国が、西アフリカでの漁獲量を過少に報告していた疑いが。

Detective work uncovers under-reported overfishing p.18

Excessive catches by Chinese vessels threaten livelihoods and ecosystems in West Africa.

doi: 10.1038/496018a

News Features

天体物理学:この先、危険!

Astrophysics: Fire in the hole! p.20

ブラックホールに落ちた宇宙飛行士は、ぺしゃんこに潰れるのか、真っ黒焦げになるのか、どちらだろう。

doi: 10.1038/496020a

News & Views

生化学:ポジティブでもラジカルでもOK

Biochemistry: Positive and radical p.34

抗生物質のホスホマイシンの生合成は「エポキシド」環構造が形成されると完了する。このエポキシド環は、遊離基ではなく、陽イオンを持つ中間体から形成されると考えられている。

doi: 10.1038/496034a

地球科学:北米西部を組み立てる

Earth science: Western North America's jigsaw p.35

北米西部のテクトニクスに関する歴史は、多数のピースがつぶれたり、欠けたりしているジグソーパズルのようなものである。地球深部の地震波画像から、我々が再構築してきたこのパズルを空間的・時間的に変えてしまうような特徴が明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/496035a

技術:結晶格子欠陥の3D画像化

Techniques: 3D imaging of crystal defects p.37

既存の技術をうまく組み合わせることで、個々の白金ナノ粒子の原子レベルでの三次元画像が得られ、その中の結晶欠陥の原子構造が明らかになった。

doi: 10.1038/nature12089

がん:代謝的変容

Cancer: A metabolic metamorphosis p.38

イソクエン酸脱水素酵素に生じた変異は代謝産物の蓄積につながり、これが細胞のエピジェネティックな状態に影響を及ぼして発がんを促進するらしい。だが、この影響は可逆的であり、そこから治療標的候補が考えられる。

doi: 10.1038/496038a

材料科学:同じようだが、もっといい

Materials science: The same, but better p.40

生物にヒントを得て作られた人工材料は、模倣の域を越えて、自然界にあるものよりもデザインはシンプルだが機能的にはより強力なものにすることが可能だ。今回、熱帯産の果実の種子をお手本として、新しいフォトニック素子が作られた。

doi: 10.1038/496040a

生化学:高脂肪食に働くサーチュイン

Biochemistry: Sirtuin on a high-fat diet p.41

酵素であるサーチュインSIRT6は、タンパク質を修飾しているアセチル基よりも長鎖脂肪酸アシル基のほうを選んで除去することがわかった。この活性は炎症関連タンパク質のTNF-αの分泌を調節している。

doi: 10.1038/496041a

Articles

古気候:鮮新世初期の暖かさのパターンと機構

Patterns and mechanisms of early Pliocene warmth p.43

A synthesis of geochemical proxy records of sea surface temperature shows that the early Pliocene climate was little different from today in terms of maximum ocean temperatures but had substantially lower meridional and zonal temperature gradients.

doi: 10.1038/nature12003

地球:海洋内部の沈み込みが北米のコルディレラ山系を形成した

Intra-oceanic subduction shaped the assembly of Cordilleran North America p.50

A new explanation for the origin of the accreted terranes that form the mountainous Cordillera of western North America is proposed and tested: stationary, intra-oceanic subduction deposited massive slab walls in the mantle and grew volcanic archipelagos at the surface, which were overridden by and accreted to North America during Cretaceous times.

doi: 10.1038/nature12019

遺伝:条虫類4種のゲノムから明らかになった寄生への適応

The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism p.57

Genome sequences of human-infective tapeworm species reveal extreme losses of genes and pathways that are ubiquitous in other animals, species-specific expansions of non-canonical heat shock proteins and families of known antigens, specialized detoxification pathways, and metabolism that relies on host nutrients; this information is used to identify new potential drug targets.

doi: 10.1038/nature12031

構造生物学:SCFFBXL3ユビキチンリガーゼはクリプトクロムの補因子ポケットを標的とする

SCFFBXL3 ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket p.64

Crystal structures of mammalian CRY2, one of the cryptochrome flavoproteins that have light-independent functions at the core of the circadian clock, show that it binds FAD dynamically and that the F-box protein FBXL3 captures CRY2 by occupying its FAD-binding pocket and burying its PER-binding interface.

doi: 10.1038/nature11964

Letters

物理:強相関スピン電荷量子励起による磁性のフェムト秒スイッチング

Femtosecond switching of magnetism via strongly correlated spin–charge quantum excitations p.69

Magnetic order in a manganite can be switched during femtosecond photo-excitation via coherent superpositions of quantum states; this is analogous to processes in femtosecond chemistry where photoproducts of chemical and biochemical reactions can be influenced by creating suitable superpositions of molecular states.

doi: 10.1038/nature11934

ナノテクノロジー:原子分解能でナノ粒子中の転位を三次元画像化する

Three-dimensional imaging of dislocations in a nanoparticle at atomic resolution p.74

A new combination of established techniques is used to produce three-dimensional (3D) images and a video of almost all the atoms in a platinum nanoparticle, revealing the 3D core structure of edge and screw dislocations and 3D twin boundaries in the nanoparticle at atomic resolution.

doi: 10.1038/nature12009

ナノテクノロジー:シリコンナノワイヤーへの触媒原子の大量注入

Colossal injection of catalyst atoms into silicon nanowires p.78

Aluminium catalyst is trapped during growth of a silicon nanowire from vapour phase at concentrations vastly beyond equilibrium solid solubility, but is homogeneously distributed as atoms and not found as clusters or precipitates; this is a potential route to tailoring the composition and properties of nanowires.

doi: 10.1038/nature11999

気候:低層の水雲により増加した2012年7月のグリーンランドの融解量

July 2012 Greenland melt extent enhanced by low-level liquid clouds p.83

In July 2012, a heat wave swept across Greenland, resulting in extensive melting of surface ice and flooding; this is shown to have been enhanced by liquid clouds forming in such a way that sufficient incoming shortwave radiation could penetrate to the surface while downwelling longwave radiation increased.

doi: 10.1038/nature12002

ゲノミクス:コムギのAゲノムの起源であるウラルツコムギの概要ゲノム

Draft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu p.87

The genome sequence and its analysis of the diploid wild wheat Triticum urartu (progenitor of the wheat A genome) represent a tool for studying the complex, polyploid wheat genomes and should be a valuable resource for the genetic improvement of wheat.

doi: 10.1038/nature11997

ゲノミクス:タルホコムギの概要ゲノム配列が示す、コムギの適応のための遺伝子レパートリー

Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation p.91

Sequencing and analysing the diploid genome and transcriptome of Aegilops tauschii provide new insights into the role of this genome in enabling the adaptation of bread wheat and are a step towards understanding the very large and complicated hexaploid genomes of wheat species.

doi: 10.1038/nature12028

神経科学:視覚皮質における機能的微小回路の出現

The emergence of functional microcircuits in visual cortex p.96

A study of mouse visual cortex relating patterns of excitatory synaptic connectivity to visual response properties of neighbouring neurons shows that, after eye opening, local connectivity reorganizes extensively: more connections form selectively between neurons with similar visual responses and connections are eliminated between visually unresponsive neurons, but the overall connectivity rate does not change.

doi: 10.1038/nature12015

医学:グルタミンはKRASが調節する代謝経路を介して膵臓がんの増殖を助ける

Glutamine supports pancreatic cancer growth through a KRAS-regulated metabolic pathway p.101

Pancreatic cancers use a novel glutamine metabolism pathway, regulated by oncogenic KRAS, to maintain redox balance; these findings add to the understanding of the mechanisms by which oncogenic alterations reprogram cellular metabolism to promote tumour growth.

doi: 10.1038/nature12040

微生物学:赤痢菌の毒性因子IpaJによるタンパク質分解性のN-ミリストイル修飾除去

Proteolytic elimination of N-myristoyl modifications by the Shigella virulence factor IpaJ p.106

An irreversible mechanism of protein demyristoylation catalysed by invasion plasmid antigen J (IpaJ), a Shigella flexneri type III effector protein with cysteine protease activity, is described.

doi: 10.1038/nature12004

生化学:SIRT6は長鎖脂肪酸アシルリシンの加水分解を介してTNF-α分泌を調節する

SIRT6 regulates TNF-α secretion through hydrolysis of long-chain fatty acyl lysine p.110

The sirtuin family of enzymes are known as NAD-dependent deacetylases, although some of them have very weak deacetylase activity; here human SIRT6, an enzyme important for DNA repair and transcription, is shown to remove long-chain fatty acyl groups from protein lysine residues, and to have a function in promoting tumour necrosis factor alpha secretion.

doi: 10.1038/nature12038

生化学:酵素が触媒する1,2-ホスホノ基転移のこれまでに例のない反応機構の研究

Mechanistic studies of an unprecedented enzyme-catalysed 1,2-phosphono-migration reaction p.114

The non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme HppE catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of fosfomycin, a broad-spectrum, clinically useful antibiotic; here it is shown that HppE can also catalyse a 1,2-phosphono-migration reaction, previously undocumented for any enzyme.

doi: 10.1038/nature11998

生化学:対になったDNAポリメラーゼによる染色体複製の際にDNAのねじれを解消する方法

A solution to release twisted DNA during chromosome replication by coupled DNA polymerases p.119

During chromosome replication, coupled polymerases introduce topological changes that cause lower processivity and transient lagging-strand polymerase dissociation from DNA.

doi: 10.1038/nature11988

構造生物学:電子伝達に関与するタンパク質–タンパク質複合体の構造

Structures of protein–protein complexes involved in electron transfer p.123

Structures of a newly characterized three-domain haem-c-Cu nitrite reductase are reported at 1.01 Å resolution, indicating how electron transfer may occur in protein–protein complexes.

doi: 10.1038/nature11996

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