科学では大陸を越えた国際協力がごく当たり前のことになっているが、政治的、社会的、経済的、歴史的に不利な状況にある地域が取り残されてはならない。
Come together p.5
Cross-continent collaboration in the sciences has become the norm. We must ensure that disadvantaged regions are not left out
doi: 10.1038/529005a
Cross-continent collaboration in the sciences has become the norm. We must ensure that disadvantaged regions are not left out
doi: 10.1038/529005a
Strong genomics record bodes well but a shortage of doctors could pose a hurdle.
doi: 10.1038/529009a
Epidemic in dogs complicates push to wipe out parasite.
doi: 10.1038/529010a
AWARE project will help unravel effects of global warming.
doi: 10.1038/529012a
Academic consortia urge faster changes in scholarly publishing.
doi: 10.1038/529013a
Space missions, carbon capture and gravitational waves are set to shape the year.
doi: 10.1038/529014a
鳥の大群から生体分子まで、群れをなして動く「アクティブマター」の物理学的解明が、生物世界の基本理論に結び付くかもしれない。
doi: 10.1038/529016a
ブラックホールは振動するアウトバーストを生じることがあり、高い質量降着率と関連していると考えられてきた。だが、ブラックホールから放出される可視光のパルスの観測によって、この説はもっと複雑なものであるらしいことが分かってきた。
doi: 10.1038/529028a
種同士の結び付きのパターンから、現在の陸生動植物群集は、大規模な人間活動が始まるのに先立つ3億年間にわたって存在していた群集とは異なる法則に従って構築されていることが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature16329
A型鳥インフルエンザウイルスのポリメラーゼはヒトの細胞中では十分な機能を発揮しない。この宿主による伝播制限に主な働きをしている細胞因子は、宿主細胞のタンパク質のANP32Aであることが突き止められた。
doi: 10.1038/529030a
材木の年輪からは、樹齢だけでなく、それがどこに生えていたかまでが現在では正確に特定できるようになった。今回、この方法を使って、先コロンブス期にチャコ・キャニオンに「グレート・ハウス」を造ったネイティブアメリカンが使った木材がどこから供給されたのかが突き止められた。
doi: 10.1038/nature16864
水素とヘリウムの軽い同位体は、ビッグバンの数十分後に形成された。このような始原的同位体の1つであるヘリウム3について調べた研究によって、宇宙の標準模型の物理学的性質を絞り込むのに役立つ戦略が提案された。
doi: 10.1038/nature16326
腫瘍細胞中のDNAの三次元構造の解析から、IDH1遺伝子に生じた変異と、変異に伴って起こったDNA結合メチル基の変化が、がん発症を促進する遺伝子の発現を増やす仕組みが明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/nature16330
The regenerative properties of muscle stem cells decline with age as the stem cells enter an irreversible state of senescence; a study of mouse muscle stem cells reveals that entry into senescence is an autophagy-dependent process and promoting autophagy in old satellite cells can reverse senescence and restore their regenerative properties in an injury model.
doi: 10.1038/nature16187
Recent analyses have suggested that the intrinsic behaviour of tissue stem cells may be responsible for malignant transformation and cancer progression, raising questions regarding the influence of extrinsic factors on tumorigenesis; here, both data-driven and model-driven evidence show that such intrinsic risk factors contribute only marginally to cancer development, indicating that cancer risk is heavily influenced by extrinsic factors.
doi: 10.1038/nature16166
Symmetric dimethylation of the human RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain residue R1810 by the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) directly recruits the protein survival of motor neuron (SMN) and indirectly recruits the helicase senataxin to resolve R-loops and promote transcription termination.
doi: 10.1038/nature16469
Observations of V404 Cygni, an X-ray transient containing a black hole of nine solar masses and a companion star, show that optical oscillations on timescales of 100 seconds to 2.5 hours can occur at mass-accretion rates at least ten times lower than previously thought, suggesting that the accretion rate is not the critical parameter for inducing inner-disk instabilities.
doi: 10.1038/nature16452
A spectroscopic comparison of ten hot-Jupiter exoplanets reveals that the difference between the planetary radius measured at optical and infrared wavelengths allows atmosphere types ranging from clear to cloudy to be distinguished; the difference in radius at a given wavelength correlates with the spectral strength of water at that wavelength, suggesting that haze obscures the signal from water.
doi: 10.1038/nature16068
Raman spectroscopy of three isotopes of hydrogen under very high compression yields evidence of a new phase of hydrogen—phase V—which could potentially be a precursor to the long-sought non-molecular phase.
doi: 10.1038/nature16164
Electroreduction of carbon dioxide into useful fuels helps to reduce fossil-fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but activating carbon dioxide requires impractically high overpotentials; here a metal atomic layer combined with its native oxide that requires low overpotentials to reduce carbon dioxide is developed, adapted from an existing cobalt-based catalyst.
doi: 10.1038/nature16455
The environmental and geopolitical problems associated with fossil fuels might be alleviated if it were possible to produce synthetic multicarbon fuels efficiently from single-carbon feedstocks; here, a molybdenum compound supported by a terphenyl–diphosphine ligand is used to convert carbon monoxide into a metal-free C2O1 fragment, with the ligand both serving as an electron reservoir and stabilizing the different intermediate species.
doi: 10.1038/nature16154
Experiments show that carbonated oceanic crust subducting into the mantle will intersect the melting curve at depths of about 300 to 700 kilometres, creating a barrier to direct carbonate recycling into the deep mantle.
doi: 10.1038/nature16174
Plant and animal assemblage co-occurrence patterns have remained relatively consistent for 300 million years but have changed over the Holocene epoch as the impact of humans has dramatically increased.
doi: 10.1038/nature16447
Analyses of the effects of extreme weather disasters on global crop production over the past five decades show that drought and extreme heat reduced national cereal production by 9–10%, whereas no discernible effect at the national level was seen for floods and extreme cold; droughts affect yields and the harvested area, whereas extreme heat mainly affects yields.
doi: 10.1038/nature16467
Synaptotagmin 7 is shown to be essential for synaptic facilitation at a variety of central synapses, and the results pave the way for future functional studies of short-term synaptic plasticity, a fundamental form of neuronal computation.
doi: 10.1038/nature16507
The FOXO transcription factor, DAF-16, is required for the long-life phenotype of daf-2 mutant nematode worms; here the authors find that daf-2 mutant worms maintain neuronal functions and behaviours with age by using a set of transcriptional targets that are distinct from previously identified canonical FOXO/DAF-16-regulated targets.
doi: 10.1038/nature16483
Antibody-mediated inhibition of R-spondin-3 in colorectal tumours decreases tumour growth and promotes differentiation—these effects are associated with a decrease in expression of genes associated with stem-cell function.
doi: 10.1038/nature16466
The host protein ANP32A is shown here to be a species barrier to the function of avian influenza virus polymerase in mammalian cells; the mutation E627K in viral protein PB2, which allows mammalian ANP32 family proteins to support the avian virus polymerase, is known to be associated with increased virulence of avian viruses in mammals.
doi: 10.1038/nature16474
Monoclonal antibodies with broad reactivity against antigens on the parasite that causes malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, are isolated from two subjects and are found to have an unusual insertion of an immunoglobulin-like domain from a different chromosome, illustrating a new mechanism of antibody diversification.
doi: 10.1038/nature16450
An epigenetic mechanism in which gain-of-function IDH mutations promote gliomagenesis by disrupting chromosomal topology is presented, with IDH mutations causing the binding sites of the methylation-sensitive insulator CTCF to become hypermethylated; disruption of a CTCF boundary near the glioma oncogene PDGFRA allows a constitutive enhancer to contact and activate the oncogene aberrantly.
doi: 10.1038/nature16490
