米オバマ大統領は気候変動対策に懸命に取り組んでいるが、少数の共和党議員が地球温暖化は人為的だと認めただけでは、とても「環境の勝利」とは言えない。
Senate vs science p.527
A few Republicans agreeing with basic climate research is not an environmental victory.
doi: 10.1038/517527b
A few Republicans agreeing with basic climate research is not an environmental victory.
doi: 10.1038/517527b
The discovery of part of a 55,000-year-old human skull in Israel will help to answer some questions about our species' evolution — but it shows that the tale is complicated.
doi: 10.1038/517527a
Technicians are often under appreciated, but without them there could be no research.
doi: 10.1038/517528a
US president defies hostile Congress and takes action on global warming.
doi: 10.1038/517535a
Rosetta mission would have to sacrifice other science to search for comet lander.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.16775
Study on decision-making stokes controversy over power of distracted mind.
doi: 10.1038/517537a
Major report calls for cuts to infrastructure, including fledgling Ocean Observatories Initiative, to increase spending on science.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.16780
Announcement by President Obama comes amidst growing interest in targeted therapies.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.16774
Cranium discovery shows that Homo sapiens was living in Middle East 55,000 years ago.
doi: 10.1038/517541a
科学研究は多くの「縁の下の力持ち」に支えられているが、中には、特殊な仕事で貢献する人たちもいる。
doi: 10.1038/517542a
インフルエンザウイルスは肺の内表面を覆っている上皮組織に重大な損傷を与える。マウスではバックアップ用の幹細胞集団の活性化が、損傷を受けた肺の効果的な修復につながることが、今回明らかになった。
doi: 10.1038/517556a
太陽類似星では回転とその年齢の間に関連が見られることはずっと以前から知られているが、より古い星については厳密な検証が行われていなかった。古い星団の1つについて、ケプラー宇宙望遠鏡によって得られた観測結果を使って検証が行われ、こうした空白部分が埋められた。
doi: 10.1038/517557a
木材の主要な構成成分である木部の形成を制御している遺伝子調節ネットワークが明らかにされ、植物バイオマスの操作に通じる新しい道が開かれた。
doi: 10.1038/nature14085
電子波束の分割と再結合を使って、相対性理論が記録的な感度で検証された。この結果は量子情報技術の手法による相対性理論の精密測定の時代の先触れとなるものだ。
doi: 10.1038/517559a
CRISPRとして知られている細菌の防御系を転用してヒト細胞での遺伝子発現の強力な活性化因子とする方法は、遺伝子機能研究の強力な手段となる。その一例ががん細胞で示された。
doi: 10.1038/517560a
シミュレーションとデータを併用して、短期間の気候変動傾向は自然に生じる内部変動に主に支配されることが明らかになった。これは気候予測の基盤となるが、強制されて起こる変動に対する感度の評価についての基盤とはならない。
doi: 10.1038/517562a
ある組織中の幹細胞について推定される分裂回数ががんの発生率と相関することが分かった。この知見は、さまざまな組織中でがんが発生する確率が異なるのは、主としてランダムな変異に依存していることを示唆している。
doi: 10.1038/517563a
A study of the effect of radiative forcing, climate feedback and ocean heat uptake on global-mean surface temperature indicates that overestimation of the response of climate models to radiative forcing from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is not responsible for the post-1998 discrepancy between model simulations and observations.
doi: 10.1038/nature14117
The full complement of transcriptional regulators that affect synthesis of the plant secondary cell wall remains largely undetermined; here, the network of protein–DNA interactions controlling secondary cell wall synthesis of Arabidopsis thaliana is determined, showing that gene expression is regulated by a series of feed-forward loops to ensure that the secondary cell wall is deposited at the right time and in the right place.
doi: 10.1038/nature14099
The Cancer Genome Atlas presents an integrative genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in 279 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which are classified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status; alterations in EGFR, FGFR, PIK3CA and cyclin-dependent kinases are shown to represent candidate targets for therapeutic intervention in most HNSCCs.
doi: 10.1038/nature14129
The CRISPR-Cas9 system, a powerful tool for genome editing, has been engineered to activate endogenous gene transcription specifically and potently on a genome-wide scale and applied to a large-scale gain-of-function screen for studying melanoma drug resistance.
doi: 10.1038/nature14136
The measurement of the rotational periods of 30 cool stars in the 2.5-billion-year-old cluster NGC 6819 allows the calibration of gyrochronology — the determination of a star’s age on the basis of its rotation period — over a much broader age range than hitherto, meaning that it might be possible to determine the ages of many cool stars in the Galactic field with a precision of roughly 10 per cent.
doi: 10.1038/nature14118
An electronic analogue of a Michelson–Morley experiment, in which an electron wave packet bound inside a calcium ion is split into two parts and subsequently recombined, demonstrates that the relative change in orientation of the two parts that results from the Earth’s rotation reveals no anisotropy in the electron dispersion; this verification of Lorentz symmetry improves on the precision of previous tests by a factor of 100.
doi: 10.1038/nature14091
Micrometre-sized particles covered with stiff, nanoscale spikes are shown to exhibit long-term colloidal stability in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic media, without the need for chemical coating, owing to the effect of the spikes on the contact area and, consequently, the force between the particles.
doi: 10.1038/nature14092
Most currently used catalysts for the amination of C–H bonds are ill suited to the functionalization of complex molecules; here it is shown that a mild, selective, iron-catalysed azidation of tertiary C–H bonds is suitable for the amination of complex molecules containing a range of functional groups.
doi: 10.1038/nature14127
Based on first-principles resistivity calculations, it was recently concluded that the thermal conductivity of iron in Earth’s core was too high to sustain thermal convection, thus invalidating such geodynamo models; new calculations including electron correlations find that electron–electron scattering is comparable to the electron–phonon scattering at high temperatures in iron, doubling the expected resistivity, and reviving conventional geodynamo models.
doi: 10.1038/nature14090
Single-molecule, real-time DNA sequencing is used to analyse a haploid human genome (CHM1), thus closing or extending more than half of the remaining 164 euchromatic gaps in the human genome; the complete sequences of euchromatic structural variants (including inversions, complex insertions and tandem repeats) are resolved at the base-pair level, suggesting that a greater complexity of the human genome can now be accessed.
doi: 10.1038/nature13907
Using a model of tuberculosis in zebrafish, granuloma formation is shown to coincide with hypoxia and angiogenesis; furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of the pro-angiogenic VEGF pathway reduces infection burden, suggesting a possible treatment strategy in patients with the disease.
doi: 10.1038/nature13967
Many patients experiencing sudden loss of lung tissue somehow undergo full recovery; here this recovery is traced to a discrete population of lung stem cells that are not only essential for lung regeneration but can be cloned and then transplanted to other mice to contribute new lung tissue.
doi: 10.1038/nature13903
Lineage-tracing experiments identify a rare, undifferentiated population of quiescent cells in the mouse distal lung that are activated through a Notch signalling pathway to repair the epithelium after bleomycin- or influenza-mediated injury; inappropriate Notch signalling may be a major contributor to failed regeneration within the lungs of patients with chronic lung disease.
doi: 10.1038/nature14112
p53 is often mutated or lost in cancer; here inactivation of ΔNp63 and ΔNp73 in the absence of p53 is shown to result in metabolic reprogramming and tumour regression via activation of IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide or amylin), and IAPP-based anti-diabetes therapeutic strategies show potential for the treatment of p53-deficient and mutant tumours.
doi: 10.1038/nature13910
By binding and inhibiting a second CDC20 molecule, the mitotic checkpoint complex can convert a local ‘wait’ signal from unattached kinetochores to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome throughout the cell and avoid premature cell division.
doi: 10.1038/nature13911
Time--β bound to substrate DNA as it inserts 8-oxo-dGTP opposite either cytosine or adenine.
doi: 10.1038/nature13886
A working model for histone H3-induced dynamic regulation of the de novo DNA methyltransferase.
doi: 10.1038/nature13899
