不平等の問題には、富の偏在が見えるかどうかが大きく関わるらしい。
Money matters p.157
It is not how much people have, it is how much we know they have that stokes inequality.
doi: 10.1038/525157b
It is not how much people have, it is how much we know they have that stokes inequality.
doi: 10.1038/525157b
The plight of a record number of refugees is something the West cannot ignore. Humanitarian values should be upheld, and people fleeing war and persecution must be offered protection.
doi: 10.1038/525157a
There can be more to a question than appears at first sight.
doi: 10.1038/525158a
Brain plaques may have been seeded by contaminated hormone extracts from cadavers.
doi: 10.1038/525165a
Long-awaited revision proposed for regulations governing studies of human subjects.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18309
Encryption fix begins in preparation for arrival of futuristic computers.
doi: 10.1038/525167a
Report praises US$5-billion scheme for making leading universities more competitive — but some smaller institutions have done just as well.
doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18312
Survey of surveys finds 422 trees for every person on Earth.
doi: 10.1038/525170a
低温電子顕微鏡が、X線結晶構造解析に取って代わるようになっており、細胞のタンパク質装置の構造解明に大きな成果を挙げている。
doi: 10.1038/525172a
新世界に最初に定住した「ファースト・アメリカン」の手掛かりを求めるための考古学調査が、大陸から河岸や海岸、海底へと移ってきている。
doi: 10.1038/525176a
需要に応じて価格が変動するエネルギー市場について行われた解析によって、このような考え方の市場モデルは、予想外にも電力使用の変化を抑制するのではなく、拡大する方向に動くことが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/nature15215
脂質の1つであるホスファチジルセリンは、脂質が産生される小胞体という細胞小器官の膜に比べて、細胞膜の方に豊富に存在するようになっていて、これが脂質交換サイクルの働きによっていることが、2つの研究によって示された。
doi: 10.1038/525191a
ヒト死体に由来するヒト成長ホルモンの投与を受けた後に神経変性疾患のクロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病で死亡した患者では、アルツハイマー病の病理学的特徴の一部も発症していたことが分かった。
doi: 10.1038/525193a
海洋の高緯度域に見られる氷雲は、以前に考えられていたよりも暖かくて乾いた大気中で生じている可能性が明らかになった。その理由は海洋表層水に由来する有機物質を含む粒子が大気によって運ばれて、氷結を生じさせるからである。
doi: 10.1038/525194a
ヘリウムより重い元素が乏しい局所銀河の星形成領域の分解能の高い画像が初めて得られた。この画像から、宇宙の初期に星形成が起こった可能性のある条件に関する、これまでで最良の描像が得られる。
doi: 10.1038/525195a
RaceIDと命名されたアルゴリズムが開発され、よく似た細胞が複雑に入り交じっている場合であっても、単一細胞RNA塩基配列解読により希少な細胞タイプを見つけ出すことが可能になった。
doi: 10.1038/nature15204
腫瘍進化のin silico三次元モデルから、細胞の運動性が腫瘍量の初期の増大における重要な因子であることが示唆されている。このモデルはまた、変異拡散の動態も明らかにした。
doi: 10.1038/nature15210
p53タンパク質変異体の一部は、ヒストンタンパク質を修飾する酵素をコードしている遺伝子群も標的とするという知見は、このような変異がp53不活性化以外のやり方でがんを引き起こす仕組みについての手掛かりを与えてくれる。
doi: 10.1038/nature15212
Ground-sourced tree density data is assembled to provide a global map of tree density, which reveals that there are three trillion trees (tenfold more than previous estimates); tree numbers have declined by nearly half since the start of human civilization and over 15 billion trees are lost on an annual basis.
doi: 10.1038/nature14967
A ChIP-seq analysis of the DNA-binding properties of mutant gain-of-function p53 protein compared to wild-type p53 reveals the gain-of-function proteins bind to and activate a distinct set of genes including chromatin modifying enzymes such as the histone methyltransferase MLL; small molecular inhibitors of MLL function may represent a new target for cancers with mutant p53.
doi: 10.1038/nature15251
The atomic structure of human γ-secretase at 3.4 Å resolution, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.
doi: 10.1038/nature14892
To understand the birth of stars, observations of the clouds in which they form are key; here, interferometric observations are reported of carbon monoxide clouds in the galaxy WLM, which has a metallicity that is 13 per cent of the value of our Sun.
doi: 10.1038/nature14901
Measurements of a steady emission of single photons from a quantum dot demonstrate that the fluctuations of the electric field can periodically be 3% below the fundamental quantum limit and confirm the long-standing prediction that the quantum state of single photons can be squeezed.
doi: 10.1038/nature14868
Subtle anomalies in how the structure of metallic osmium evolves with pressure are detected using powder X-ray diffraction measurements at ultra-high static pressures; the anomaly at 440 gigapascals is attributed to an electronic transition caused by pressure-induced interactions between core electrons.
doi: 10.1038/nature14681
Computational protein design is used to create a protein–DNA co-assembling nanomaterial; by varying the arrangement of protein-binding sites on the double-stranded DNA, a ‘nanowire’ with single-molecule width can be spontaneously formed by mixing the protein and double-stranded DNA building blocks.
doi: 10.1038/nature14874
The presence of ice in clouds can influence cloud lifetime, precipitation and radiative properties; here, organic material at the sea–air interface, possibly associated with phytoplankton cell exudates, is shown to nucleate ice under conditions relevant for ice cloud formation in the atmospheric environment.
doi: 10.1038/nature14986
Computed tomography and phylogenetic analysis of the Eunotosaurus africanus skull suggests that not only is Eunotosaurus an early relative of the group that eventually evolved into turtles, but that it is also a diapsid caught in the act of evolving towards a secondarily anapsid state.
doi: 10.1038/nature14900
Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area calculate reward prediction error by subtracting input from neighbouring GABA neurons.
doi: 10.1038/nature14855
Treatment of children with human cadaver-derived growth hormone (c-hGH) contaminated with prions resulted in transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD); unexpectedly, in an autopsy study of eight such iCJD patients, the authors found amyloid-β deposition in the grey matter typical of that seen in Alzheimer's disease and amyloid-β in the blood vessel walls characteristic of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, consistent with iatrogenic transmission of amyloid-β pathology in addition to CJD and suggests that healthy c-hGH-exposed individuals may also be at risk of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
doi: 10.1038/nature15369
An algorithm that allows rare cell type identification in a complex population of single cells, based on single-cell mRNA-sequencing, is applied to mouse intestinal cells, revealing novel subtypes of enteroendocrine cells and showing that the Lgr5-expressing population consists of a homogenous stem cell population with a few rare secretory cells, including Paneth cells.
doi: 10.1038/nature14966
This study finds that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition program, which is common to both mammary gland reconstituting stem cells and mammary tumour-initiating cells, is differentially regulated by two distinct EMT factors, Slug and Snail; the findings illustrate that although they appear similar, normal tissue stem cells and tumour-initiating cells are controlled by distinct regulatory processes.
doi: 10.1038/nature14897
A new model of tumour evolution is presented to explain how short-range migration and cell turnover within the tumour can provide the basic environment of rapid cell mixing, allowing even a small selective advantage to dominate the mass within relevant time frames.
doi: 10.1038/nature14971
Insights derived from the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of PSKR, the receptor for the plant hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) that affects plant growth and development, reveal that PSK interacts with PSKR and enhances PSKR interaction with its co-receptor SERK allosterically.
doi: 10.1038/nature14858
Structural view of a dynamic molecular switch mechanism that governs repression and activation of the jasmonate plant hormone pathway.
doi: 10.1038/nature14661
A single-molecule optical tweezer assay is developed to monitor transcription initiation in eukaryotic RNA polymerase II in real-time, making use of a highly purified preinitiation complex (PIC) from yeast; observations show that a large bubble is opened up in the DNA template during initiation, driven by the TFIIH helicase that forms part of the PIC, along with synthesis of an extended transcript before the transition from transcription initiation into elongation.
doi: 10.1038/nature14882
