Volume 534 Number 7606

Editorials

「ホビット」の発見場所の近くで新たに発見されたヒト族の化石は、ヒト族の系統が予想以上に複雑なことを示す証拠である。

Humanity’s forgotten family p.151

Hominin fossils discovered near the site of the 'hobbit' Homo floresiensis provide yet more evidence that the human lineage is more diverse than was ever imagined.

doi: 10.1038/534151a

研究の不正と適正は、想像以上にほんの紙一重である。

Second chances p.152

The line between compliance and misconduct is finer than you might think.

doi: 10.1038/534152b

ドイツが再生可能エネルギー生産の拡大速度の緩和を決断したのは、合理的だ。

Energy hit p.152

Germany’s decision to slow the expansion of green-energy production is a reasonable move.

doi: 10.1038/534152a

News

米国の海洋観測イニシアチブ(OOI)がようやく稼働し、大量のデータが。

Massive ocean-observing project launches — despite turmoil p.159

Network of deep-water observatories streams data in real time.

doi: 10.1038/534159a

米国では、未承認薬のコンパッショネート・ユースをより公正に行う方法を製薬企業が検討へ。

Fairer way to distribute last-ditch drugs gets real-world trial p.160

With drug companies’ policies hard to decipher, frustrated patients often resort to social-media campaigns and other public appeals.

doi: 10.1038/534160a

ペルーのゴールドラッシュが、水銀汚染による健康被害の引き金に。

Peru’s gold rush prompts public-health emergency p.162

Gold-mining boom in southeastern Amazon is driving high levels of mercury contamination.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.19999

米国の科学者たちが、ヒトの全ゲノムを一から合成しようという大胆な計画「Human Genome Project — Write」を発表。

Plan to synthesize human genome triggers mixed response p.163

Some admire project's ambition; others say that it hasn't justified its aims.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20028

英国政府は委託した政策研究の費用や成果をきちんと把握していないと、批判が。

UK government slammed for losing track of its own research p.164

Government can't say how many policy studies it paid for or published, report reveals.

doi: 10.1038/nature.2016.20022

フローレス原人と近縁の化石が発見され、ヒト族の系統樹に新たな枝が。

‘Hobbit’ relatives found after ten-year hunt p.164

Jaw and teeth discovered in Indonesia are triumph for team that almost gave up hope.

doi: 10.1038/534164a

News Features

環境:デリーの致死的な大気

Can Delhi save itself from its toxic air? p.166

インドの首都デリーでは大気汚染が深刻化しており、改善のための対応に迫られている。

doi: 10.1038/534166a

微生物学:化学地図の製作者

The man who can map the chemicals all over your body p.170

カリフォルニア大学サンディエゴ校のPieter Dorresteinは、質量分析法を用いて、化学物質の分布から微生物の存在や関係を精密に描き出そうとしている。

doi: 10.1038/534170a

News & Views

宿主–微生物間相互作用:微生物相でのゲームの規則

Host-microbe interaction: Rules of the game for microbiota p.182

ヒト体内の微生物集団の動態は個人ごとに独自のものなのか、それとも全ての微生物相が同じ規則に従っているのだろうか。この問題について明らかになりつつある知見は健康や病気に関係してくると考えられる。

doi: 10.1038/534182a

地球化学:地球深部の水素と酸素

Geochemistry: Hydrogen and oxygen in the deep Earth p.183

極端な高圧条件下では異例な形の酸化鉄が生じることが分かり、地球の進化に強い影響を与える2つの元素、すなわち水素と酸素がマントル中で生じていることが示唆された。

doi: 10.1038/534183a

進化生物学:擬態に向かい、また後戻り

Evolutionary biology: To mimicry and back again p.184

致死的な毒を持つサンゴヘビは、赤と黒のしま模様という目立つ体色パターンで捕食者に警告する。多くの無害なヘビがサンゴヘビに似るように進化したことが新たな研究により確認された。また、このベイツ型擬態への進化は、一方通行ばかりではないことが示唆された。

doi: 10.1038/nature18441

生理学:微生物が脳へ送るシグナルが体重を制御する

Physiology: Microbial signals to the brain control weight p.185

齧歯類の腸内に生息している細菌は、副交感神経系を活性化させてインスリン分泌と食物摂取を促進することが分かった。微生物相は多様な役割を持つが、これはこれまで知られていなかった新しい作用である。

doi: 10.1038/534185a

化学:逆回転しない分子モーター

Chemistry: No turning back for motorized molecules p.187

化学エネルギーを使って一方向の回転運動をする2種類の分子モーターが開発された。この成果は、こうしたモーターで動くデバイスへの期待をいやが上にも高めるものだ。

doi: 10.1038/534187a

古人類学:フローレス原人の出現

Palaeoanthropology: The dawn of Homo floresiensis p.188

小型のヒト族であるフローレス原人(Homo floresiensis)は、インドネシアのフローレス島に少なくとも70万年前には生息していたことが、新たに見つかった化石によって実証された。これは、もっと大型のホモ・エレクトスからの小型化が迅速に進行したことを示しているのかもしれない。

doi: 10.1038/534188a

Perspective

微生物群集:実験科学で宿主–マイクロバイオーム相互作用を考慮する

Accounting for reciprocal host–microbiome interactions in experimental science p.191

This work highlights the critical challenges in experimental design and interpretation due to important combinatorial effects of host and microbial genes, and calls for the development of minimal reporting requirements to improve the interpretation and reproducibility of experimental biology.

doi: 10.1038/nature18285

Articles

集団遺伝学:氷期のヨーロッパの遺伝学的歴史

The genetic history of Ice Age Europe p.200

Analysis of ancient genomic data of 51 humans from Eurasia dating from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago provides insight into the population history of pre-Neolithic Europe and support for recurring migration and population turnover in Europe during this period.

doi: 10.1038/nature17993

神経科学:防御行動を生み出す中脳の回路

Midbrain circuits for defensive behaviour p.206

A combination of optogenetic, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical tracing methods defines midbrain periaqueductal grey circuits for specific defensive behaviours.

doi: 10.1038/nature17996

メタボリックシンドローム:酢酸はマイクロバイオーム–脳–β細胞系を介してメタボリックシンドロームを促進する

Acetate mediates a microbiome–brain–β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome p.213

Increased acetate production by an altered gut microbiota in rats fed a high-fat diet activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which in turn promotes increased insulin secretion, increased food intake, obesity and related changes.

doi: 10.1038/nature18309

Letters

宇宙物理学:活動的な超大質量ブラックホールへ落ち込む低温で塊状の降着

Cold, clumpy accretion onto an active supermassive black hole p.218

The so-called accretion flow that powers the growth of supermassive black holes in galaxy centres is assumed to be dominated by a smooth, steady flow of very hot plasma, but now observations instead reveal a clumpy accretion of very cold molecular clouds onto a supermassive black hole in the nucleus of a nearby giant elliptical galaxy.

doi: 10.1038/nature17969

量子情報:超伝導回路によるディジタル化断熱量子計算

Digitized adiabatic quantum computing with a superconducting circuit p.222

A digitized approach to adiabatic quantum computing, combining the generality of the adiabatic algorithm with the universality of the digital method, is implemented using a superconducting circuit to find the ground states of arbitrary Hamiltonians.

doi: 10.1038/nature17658

材料科学:準安定高エントロピー二相合金は強度と延性のトレードオフを解決する

Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength–ductility trade-off p.227

An alloy design strategy that aims for phase metastability, rather than phase stability, is described that will lead to the development of transformation-induced plasticity-assisted, dual-phase high-entropy alloys, which exhibit a rare combined increase in strength and ductility.

doi: 10.1038/nature17981

電気化学:強相関ペロブスカイト燃料電池

Strongly correlated perovskite fuel cells p.231

A fundamentally different approach to designing solid oxide electrolytes is presented, using a phase transition to suppress electronic conduction in a correlated perovskite nickelate; this yields ionic conductivity comparable to the best-performing solid electrolytes in the same temperature range.

doi: 10.1038/nature17653

ナノテクノロジー:化学燃料で動く自律型小分子モーター

An autonomous chemically fuelled small-molecule motor p.235

A system is described in which a small macrocycle is continuously transported directionally around a cyclic molecular track when powered by irreversible reactions of a chemical fuel; such autonomous chemically fuelled molecular motors should find application as engines in molecular nanotechnology.

doi: 10.1038/nature18013

地球化学:下部マントル深部条件におけるFeO2とFeOOH、および地球の酸素水素循環

FeO2 and FeOOH under deep lower-mantle conditions and Earth’s oxygen–hydrogen cycles p.241

First-principles calculations and experiments are used to identify a stable, pyrite-structured iron oxide at 76 gigapascals and 1,800 kelvin that holds an excessive amount of oxygen and to show that goethite (rust) decomposes under these deep lower-mantle conditions to form an iron oxide and release hydrogen; this process provides another way to interpret the origin of seismic and geochemical anomalies in the deep lower mantle of Earth.

doi: 10.1038/nature18018

古人類学:フローレス島の中期更新世前期のフローレス原人様化石

Homofloresiensis-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores p.245

Remains of what appears to be Homofloresiensis have now been found at another site in Flores in Indonesia; these 700,000-year-old fossils are older and slightly smaller than the first fossils identified as Homo floresiensis.

doi: 10.1038/nature17999

古人類学:フローレス島における既知で最古のヒト族化石の年代と背景

Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores p.249

Stratigraphic, chronological, environmental and faunal context are provided to the newly discovered fossils of hominins that lived in the So’a Basin in Flores, Indonesia, 700,000 years ago; the stone tools recovered with the fossils are similar to those associated with the much younger Homo floresiensis from Flores, discovered in Liang Bua to the west.

doi: 10.1038/nature17663

微生物学:環境中のブレヴィアータ綱生物には表在生物である相利共生菌Arcobacterが共生している

Environmental Breviatea harbour mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts p.254

The cultivation of Lenisia limosa, a newly discovered breviate protist, symbiotically colonized by relatives of the animal-associated bacterium Arcobacter.

doi: 10.1038/nature18297

微生物群集:ヒトの微生物動態の普遍性

Universality of human microbial dynamics p.259

A new computational method to characterize the dynamics of human-associated microbial communities is applied to data from two large-scale metagenomic studies, and suggests that gut and mouth microbiomes of healthy individuals are subjected to universal (that is, host-independent) dynamics, whereas skin microbiomes are shaped by the host environment; the method paves the way to designing general microbiome-based therapies.

doi: 10.1038/nature18301

微生物群集:双生児とノトバイオートマウスにおける腸内微生物相および粘膜IgA応答の発達

Development of the gut microbiota and mucosal IgA responses in twins and gnotobiotic mice p.263

The relationship between assembly of the gut community and gut mucosal immunoglobulin A responses during the first 24–36 months of postnatal life in a cohort of 40 twin pairs is defined and modelled in gnotobiotic mice.

doi: 10.1038/nature17940

医学研究:ブラジルのジカウイルス系統は実験モデルで先天異常を引き起こす

The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models p.267

The Zika virus can cross the placenta and cause intrauterine growth restriction, including microcephaly, in the SJL strain of mice; the virus can also infect human brain organoids, inducing cell death by apoptosis and disrupting cortical layers.

doi: 10.1038/nature18296

がん治療:新世代mTOR阻害剤によりmTORの耐性変異を克服する

Overcoming mTOR resistance mutations with a new-generation mTOR inhibitor p.272

Inhibitors of the mTOR kinase are in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer; here, mutations in mTOR that can lead to drug resistance are investigated and the results are used to design a new class of mTOR inhibitors that can overcome this resistance.

doi: 10.1038/nature17963

分子生物学:緊縮調節のリボソーム依存性活性化

Ribosome-dependent activation of stringent control p.277

The structure of a bacterial ribosome–RelA complex reveals that RelA, a protein recruited to the ribosome in the case of scarce amino acids, binds in a different location to translation factors, and that this binding event suppresses auto-inhibition to activate synthesis of the (p)ppGpp secondary messenger, thus initiating stringent control.

doi: 10.1038/nature17675

構造生物学:超高分解能0.48 Åでの鉄硫黄タンパク質の電荷密度解析

Charge-density analysis of an iron–sulfur protein at an ultra-high resolution of 0.48 Å p.281

The ultra-high-resolution structure of the high-potential iron–sulfur protein at 0.48 Å, the highest-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a protein reported so far.

doi: 10.1038/nature18001

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